; TeX output 1996.09.02:13243ڍJ&3ڍ] f+NH cmbx12MusicTUdE 5X^`,NG cmbx12UsingzTc EXtowritep=olyphonic"orzinstrumenutalmusic{.}h!ff cmsl12V4ersion/5.17{SeptembdCer2,1996.ٟ-XQ ff cmr12Daniel/J-ff cmcsc10JTqaupinۚD}h! cmsl12DLabSoratoiredePhrysiquedesSolidesTKp0J 3 cmsl10K(assoMci"DefauCNRS)SLb^fatimen!tf510,CentreUniversitaire,F-91405ORSAeYCedex*3ڍJ&3ڎ3ڍJ&3ڍ&Con8tents@ύL"V 3 cmbx10L1lWhat2isMusicT期nEX?.=......................................052)12.25.1LrThefPmusictex.styst!yle .=...........................052)12.25.2LrWidefm!usicinL0|{Ycmr8AGT,[wEB Xt.=.............................053)12.25.3LrThefP\catcodeproblems̿.=...........................053l2.26)1Implemen!tationfandrestrictionsɹ.=...........................053ύL3lInstallationic55lϹ3.1)1Gettingfthestu a.=...................................055l3.2)1Installingfthefon!ts2 .=..................................055l3.3)1Buildingfaformat.=...................................056)13.3.1LrStartingffromnilЍ.=...............................056)13.3.2LrStartingffromy!ourusualplainformat塍.=...................057ύL4lIndex585lExampless/656lSummary2ofdenotations l67 lϹ6.1)1Pitc!hest.=.........................................067 l6.2)1NotesfandRests=.=...................................067l6.3)1Otherfsym!bMolsи.=....................................068u3ڍJ&3ڍ&UNq cmbx12UChapter 12What T{isMusicTUdE 5X?5MusicT,[wEB XisasetofT,[wEXmacrostot!ypMesetpolyphonic,6 orc!hestralorpolyphonicm!usic. There- fore,it{UismainlysuppMosedtobeusedtot!ypewidescores{justbecausetruem!usiciansseldomlik!etohavetofrequentlyturnpages{andthisisnotreallycompatiblewithLAGT,[wEB X'sstandardpageqformats,ev!enthePA4.stytheP\textheightandP\textwidthofwhicharetoMosmallform!usicianfneeds.sHo!wever,3naLAGT,[wEB Xst!ylehasbMeenalsoprovided(anditisusedforthetypingofthepresentpapMer)!butthisPmusictexst!yleis tformusicographicbMooks!ratherthanfornormalscorestobMefactuallypla!yed.sIt~shouldbMeemphasizedthatMusicT,[wEB Xisnotin!tendedtobeacompilerwhic!hwouldtranslate3somestandardm!usicalnotationsintoT,[wEB XjnortodecidebyitselfabMoutaestheticprob-lemsinm!usictyping.MusicT,[wEB XonlytypMesetsstaves,Unotes,chords,bMeams,slursandorna-men!tsFasrequestedbythecompMoser. ~SinceitmakesveryfewtypMesettingdecisions,>MusicT,[wEB XappMearstobeav!ersatileandratherpo!werfultool.However,duetotheimportan!tamountofin-formationtobMepro!videdtothetypMesettingprocess,codingMusicT,[wEB Xmigh!tappeartobea!w-fullyN-ff9ff=3 &notese}'q.tenX-ff=3=3-fft}ff׍5}ff͟냄-ff9ffS &notese}'quencetwoX-ffS񠎑S-ffpZff ff>z3 Ǎnotese}'q. veX-ff>z3>z3Zfftş}ffZff ffDZ Ǎnotese}'q.eightX-ffDZ掑DZZff>NZff ffJ; Ǎnotese}'q.elevenX-ffJ;J;Zfft}ff5}ff͟냄Zff ffTS Ǎnotese}'qencethreeX-ffTSTSZffpLKffff;s notese}'q.sixX-ff;s;sLKfftş}ffLKffffB notese}'q.nineX-ffBBLKff>NZff ffI- Ǎnotese}'q.twelveX-ffI-I-Zfft}ff9 a;Teablef1.1:Theorderinwhic!hamusicianreadsmusicǮutiv!enotes(typicallyalongKbMeat7ڹoragroupoflogicallyconnectednotes),thenhegoesdo!wn tothenextinstrumen!torvoiceand nallyassemblesthewholetobuildapartofmusiclast-ingfroughlyafewseconds.ThenhehandlesthenextKbMeatforKbaroofhisscore.sTh!us,;Bit yappMearsthatthehumanlylogicalwayofcoMdingmusicconsistsinhorizontallyac-cum!ulatingfasetofKverticalcombswithKhorizontalteethasdescribMedinTeable1.1.sThisfisthereasonwh!ye,inLMusicT期nEXthefundamentalKmacro36isoftheformE@P\notes...&...&...\enoteswhereTthec!haracterP&isusedtoseparatethenotestobMetypMesetonrespectiv!esta softhevdDar- iousfinstrumen!ts,startingfromthebMottom.sIn"thecaseofaninstrumen!twhosescorehastobMewrittenwithseveralsta s,thesesta sSareseparatedb!ythecharacterP|.܁Thus,$ascorewrittenforakeybMoardinstrumentandamonoMdicfinstrumen!t(forexamplepianoandviolin)willbecodedasfollo!ws:E@P\notes...|...&...\enotesforueac!hcolumnofsimultaneousKgroupsofnotess.͜Itisworthemphasizingthatweactuallysaid K\groups0ofnotes":qthismeansthatineac!hsectionofthepreviousmacro,themusictypMesetterisKpw!elcometoinsert,]notonlychordnotestobMeplayedatonce,]butsmallsequencesofconsecu-tiv!enoteswhichbuildsomethingheunderstandsasamusicalphrase.wThisiswhynotetypingmacrosareoft!wokindsinMusicT,[wEB X, namelythenotemacroswhic!harenotfollowedbyspac-ingfafterw!ards,andthosewhichinducehorizontalspacingafterwards.E>1.1.2)@ThespacingofthenotesItxseemsthatman!ybMooksxhavedealtwiththisproblem.ΤAlthoughitcanleadtointerestingal-gorithms,fw!ethinkitisnotinpracticeanimpMortantpMoint.sInfact,eac!hcolumnofnoteshasnotnecessarilythesamespacingand,inprinciple,thisKspacingshouldidepMendontheshortestdurationofthesim!ultaneousnotes.Butthiscannotbeestablishedfasarule,foratleastt!wofreasons:E b%1.`spacingܸdoMesnotdependonlyonthelocalnotes,Lbutalsoonthecon!text,atleastinthe`samefbar.}r b%2.`infthecaseofpMolyphonicm!usic,exceptionscaneasilybefound.Hereisanexample:5TD>33ffG[ffG[ffG[ffG[ffG[>33ffff;] <musikn20G׍S5"Vff cmbx104 S54[|Lȟyff"yfff!Qѓyyfff"Eӓ Lʟyff"yfff!I֓?33ffffF3ڍJ&61KCHAPTERf1.CWHAeTISMUSICT,[wEB X?3ڍ&`whereH6itcanbMeclearlyseenthatthehalfnotesatbeats2and3m!ustbespacedasifthey `w!ereX quarternotessincetheyoverlap,qwhichisobviousonlybMecauseofthepresenceof`thefindicationoftheKmetero4/4.4sTherefore,Aw!expreferredtoprovidethecompMoser/typesetterxwithasetofmacros,Athespac-ingfofwhic!hincreasesbyafactorof7N!", 3 cmsy10Np g7p y ɍ2g(incidentallye,thiscanbMeadjusted):]0P\notes...&...&...\enotes T%1fspatialunit]0P\Notes...&...&...\enotes T%1.4fspacialunit]0P\NOtes...&...&...\enotes T%2fspatialunits]0P\NOTes...&...&...\enotes T%2.8fspatialunits]0P\NOTEs...&...&...\enotes T%4fspatialunits]0P\NOTES...&...&...\enotes T%5.6fspatialunitssThesizeofthespatialunit(P\elemskip3)canbMefreelyadjusted.Inaddition,MusicT,[wEB Xpro!videsameansofadjustingthenotespacingaccordingtoanaveragenumbMerofelementaryspacesfwithinaline(macroP\autolines=# ).,1.1.3)@Musictokens,ratherthanareadymadegeneratorTheftok!ensprovidedbyMusicT,[wEB Xare:lN`thefnotesym!bMolsKwithoutstem;IxlN`thefnotesym!bMolsKwithstems,andhooksforeigh!thnotesandbey!ondnR;lN`thefindicationsofbMeambeginningsandbeamends;lN`thefindicationsofbMeginningsandendsoftiesandslurs;lN`thefindicationsofacciden!tals;lN`theornamen!ts:2arpMeggios,trills,mordents,pinc"Des,turns,staccatosandpizzicatos,fer- `matas;lN`thefbars,themeterandsignaturec!hanges,etc.sTh!us,DP\whaproMducesanKAu(ofnominalfrequency222.5Hz,unlesstranspMosed)ofduration bMeing)aKwholenote.YInthesamew!aye,BP\whh)ٹproducesanKA)(445Hz)Pȹofdurationrepresen!tedbyaYKwholenote,#(P\qucproMducesaKC/(250Hzappro!x.)whosevdDalueisaKquarternotewithstemupU,P\clJ`fproMduces`xaKC(125Hzappro!x.)}ofdurationequaltoanKeighthnotewithstemdown,ntetc.sTeo4$generatequarter,Weigh!th,sixteenth,etc.chords,the4$macroP\zqFcanbMeused:Yitpro-ducesMaquarternoteheadthev!erticalpMositionofwhichismemorizedandrecalledwhenan-other?stemmednote(pMossiblywithahook)iscoded;thenthestemisadjustedtolinkallsi-m!ultaneousfnotes.Thus,thepMerfectC-majorchord,i.e.5TDȲ33ff7fdff7fdff7fdff7fdff7fdȲ33ffffÈG33ff 34!34!34!̈́"ffΟ!H?33ffffiswcoMdedP\zqc\zqe\zqg\qujyTor,inamoreconcisew!aye,P\zq{ceg}\qujQ(stemwup):minfact,singlefnotesaretreated.3..ylik!efone-notechords.\3ڍJ&K1.2.CAfSIMPLEEXAMPLE473ڍ&1.1.4)@BeamsKBeamslareDgeneratedusingmacroswhic!hde netheirbMeginning(atthecurrenthorizontalpMosi- tion),togetherfwiththeiraltitude,theirdirection(uppMeroflo!wer),theirfmultiplicitye,theirfslopMeandtheirreferencen!umbMer.oThislatterfeature{thereferencen!umber{appearstobeneces-sarye,'3sincefonema!ywanttowritebMeamswhosehorizontalextentsoverlap:]therefore,'3itisneces-sarytospMecifywhic!hbeamthenoteshangonandwhic!hbeamisterminatedatagiv!enposition.R1.1.5)@SettinganythingonthescoreA]generalumacro(P\zcharnote9|)pro!videsameansofputtinganysequenceofsymbMols(infact,someщP\hbox{...})atan!ypitchofanysta ofanyinstrument._GThus,RanysymbMolde nedinafon!tf(letters,mathsymbMols,etc.)canbeusedtot!ypesetm!usic."A1.2$cAffsimpleexampleqBeforeMgivingmoredetails,w!egivebMelowanexampleofthetwo rstbarsofthesonatainC-majorfK545b!yR- 3 cmcsc10RMozarEt:bTD=6zPianoN^Ѐ(wmusicbrb W33ffffffffffW33ffffffffffW33AffffSޗGSޗG׍kĻ4 k4׍k4 k4s̢133ff ̈́ff! ff!ff!㙢sfj*3' ff!yfff"7?񓍑133ff ̈́ff! ff!ff!㙢sfj*3' ff!yfff!yfff!;?33Affff Q': 3 cmti10Q2s-?ff! ff!?ff! ayyfff!e"V cmbx10.s-sfj*3':s! ff!4UffT!@HRbeamn20 ffP!CfW133ff ̈́ff! ff!ff!㙢sfj*3' ff!yfff"?33AffffsThefKcoMding~issetasfollo!ws:`P\begin{music}`\parindent1cm`\def\nbinstruments{1}\relax%asingleinstrument`\def\instrumenti{Piano}%%whosenameisPiano`\nbporteesi=2\relax3%withtwostaffs`\generalmeter{\meterfrac{4}{4}}\relax%4/4meterchosen`\debutextraitV:%startingrealscore`\normalx%normal12ptnotespacing`\temps\Notes\ibu0f0\qh0{cge}\tbu0\qh0g|\hlj\enotes`\temps\Notes\ibu0f0\qh0{cge}\tbu0\qh0g|\qll\sk\qln\enotes`\barre~x%bar`\Notes\ibu0f0\qh0{dgf}|\qlpi\enotes`\notes\tbu0\qh0g|\ibbl1j3\qb1j\tbl1\qb1k\enotes`\temps\Notes\ibu0f0\qh0{cge}\tbu0\qh0g|\hlj\enotes`\finextraitaJ%terminateexcerpt`\end{music}lN`P\ibu0f0fbMeginsanupperbeam,alignedontheKf{,referencen!umberf0,slope0lN`P\tbu0fterminatesthisbMeambeforewritingthesecondKg~b!ymeansofP\qh0g73ڍJ&81KCHAPTERf1.CWHAeTISMUSICT,[wEB X?3ڍ&lN`P\qh..ݹindicatesfanotehangingonabMeam.lN`P\sk&sets|aspacebMet!ween|thet!wo|quartersattherigh!thand,sothatthesecondisaligned `withfthethirdeigh!thofthelefthand.lN`P\qlpfisaquarterwithapMoin!t.lN`P\ibbl1j3fbMeginsadoublebeam,alignedontheKCʹ(Pjatthispitc!h)ofslope0.15."A1.3$cSomeffhighlights1.3.1)@SignaturesSignaturescanbMestatedeitherforallinstrumen!ts,^forexamplebyP\generalsignaturef>C{-2}whic!hXsetstwo atsoneachsta , Ēorseparatelyforeachinstrument.Thus, ĒtheP\generalsignaturedcanD@bMepartlyo!verriddenD@byP\signii+=1whichputsonesharponthesta sofKinstrumen!tnumbMerɹ2(ii).Ofcourse,thecurrentsignaturemaychangeatanytimeaswellasfthemetersandclefs.R1.3.2)@Transp`ositionAnZkimpMortan!tquestionis:K\canMusicT,[wEB Xtransposeascore?".ĊTheansw!erisnow99.5%Kyess.Iffact,!thereisanin!ternalregisternamedP\transposeA}йthedefaultvdDalueofwhichiszero,!butitma!ybMesettoanyreasonablepMositiveofnegativevdDalue.7Inthatcase,6ito setsallsymbMolspitc!hedwithlettersymbMolsbythatnumbMerofpitchsteps.However,itwillneitherchangethesignature2northeloMcalacciden!tals,Jandif{forexample{youtranspMoseapiecewritteninM b> 3 cmmi10MCnby1Capitc!h,W.MusicT,[wEB XwillnotknowwhetheryouwantitinMDM[,W.inMD?orinMD].Thismigh!tbecometric!ky$ifaccidentalsoMccurwithinthepiece,whichmighthavetobMeconvertedinto ats,natu-rals,]Qsharps8ordoublesharps,depMendingonthenewc!hosensignature.Teoavoidthistrouble,Krelativ!eǹaccidentals+havebMeenimplemented,MtheactualoutputofwhichdepMendsonthepitchoffthisacciden!talandofthecurrentsignature.R1.3.3)@Selectingsp`ecialinstrumentscoresAnotheroquestionis:K\canI2writeanorc!hestralscoreandextracttheseparatescoresforin-dividualjinstrumen!ts?"Theansweris95%Kyess:Uinfact,1kyoucande neyourownmacrosP\mynotes...\enotes,P\myNotes...\enotes{withasman!yargumentsasthereareintheor-c!hestralscore(hopMethisislessorequalto9,butT,[wEB Xpertskno!whowtoworkaround)andc!hange+Pitsde nitiondepMendingontheselectedinstrument(orinsertatestonthevdDalueofsomeselectionregister).Butthelimitationisthatthen!umbMeringofinstrumen!tsmaychange,5sothatP\signiiima!yhavetobMecomeP\signiifinstrumentMiiiisalone.But,inturn,thisisnotase-riousfproblemfora!veragefT,[wEB Xwizardappren!tices.R1.3.4)@Variablesta andnotesizesAlthoughEthesta sizeis20ptasastandard,Y#MusicT,[wEB Xallorsscoresof16ptsta sizes.Inad-dition,an!yinstrumentmayhaveaspMecialsta size(usuallysmallerthantheoverallsta size)and/spMecialcommandsP\smallnotesizeorP\tinynotesizeenablenotes(andalsobeamsorac-ciden!tals)ftobMeofasmallersize,inordertoquoteoptionalnotesorKcadenzass. B3ڍJ&K1.4.CHO!WfTOGETITK93ڍ&1.4$cHowfftogetitqThewholeKdistribution tsin!toasingle1.2Mbyteor1.44Mbytediskette.KItcanalsobMeob- tainedthroughanKanon!ymousftpatPrsovax.lps.u-psud.fr(193.55.39.100),afterselectingthesubMdirectoryP[.musictex].?Allsources(includingfon!ts)areprovided,eitherseparatelyor\zippMed"forasVMS\sa!vesets"."A1.5$cEnhancements1.5.1)@RecenteasyenhancementsMan!yA)enhancementshavebMeenaskedfor,gandthisisaproMofthatMusicT,[wEB Xisconsideredasuseful,b!ymanypMeople./Someoftheseenhancementswhichseemedhardwereinfactrathereasyptoimplemen!t,2forexamplesmallnotestorepresentgracenotesandcadenzas."Butothersma!yfinduceheavyproblems,forexampletheneedofhavingKniceCmslursandties.sInkthesamew!aye,JwekrecentlyintroMduceAndreasREgler'sfontstohavenicerbracesatthefleftofthescore,forexampleforpianom!usic.sBesides,\w!erecentlyfoundahardincompatibilityofMusicT,[wEB XandagenuineproMductofthe2author'snativ!ecountrye,0indicatesthen!umbMerofKsharpsinthesignatureandMs <0then!umbMerofK atss13.sIffthereaKmeteroindicationistobMeposted,itshouldbespeci edusingthemacrosP\generalmeterg/{MmP}%whereMmisthedescriptionofthemeterindicationwhic!hshouldappMearoneachsta .ܪIfitisaKfractionf(e.g.3/4)onshouldcoMdesP\generalmeter{\meterfrac{3}{4}}%or,finasimplerw!ayf(ifthen!umbMersfarelessthan10):sP\generalmeter{\meterfrac34}%sSpMecialfdenotationscanbeused,suc!hasP\allabreve@ptoget&fR̹andP\meterC/rtoget&fS&f.čsHo!wever,bZnot]allm!usicscoreshavethesamemeterineachsta . mEspMeciallye,bZsomesta sKma!yhaveKternary< meterswhileothershaveKbinary.}ThiscanbMespeci edb!yusingtheP\generalmeterNmacrotosetthemeterformostofthescoresando!verridingitb!ymeansofamorefsophisticatedcommand:sP\metertoksii={{\meterfrac{12}8}{\allabreve}{}{}}%whic!h_setsthemeterto12/8forthe rst(lower)sta ,andKallabreveforthesecondsta oftheinstrumen!tnumbMer2(Kii).HNotethatthereisroomfor4sta sandthatv!oiditemsmustbMespMeci ed,fotherwiseT,[wEB Xw!eirderrorsoccur.ff/4 L͍ {-=1aWW:e\ha9veseenonceascoreinG-minorwherethesignatureconsistedoftwo ats(B\andE)plusonesharp (F).TThisisnotsuppAortedb9yMusicTuAEX. 3ڍJ&K2.3.CSTeARTINGfYOURMASTERPIECE߹133ڍ&2.2.1)@InstrumentnamesIfzy!ouwanttheKnameoftheinstrument=s(ortheKnameofthevoices)tobMedisplayedinfrontof theirfrespMectiv!esta satthebeginning,y!oumaycoMde:sP\def\instrumentMrMP{Knamefoftheinstrumen!t=P}%where MrZistheromann!umeraloftheinstrumentconsidered.Inthiscase,&youshouldalsoad-just$theP\parindentAdimensionsothatthelongnameofaninstrumen!tdoMesnotspilltoofarin!toftheleftmargin.R2.2.2)@PolyphonicsongsExcept$sta sofauniqueinstrumen!ttiedtogetherwithabigbrace,-dsta snormallybMeginontheleftwithathinv!erticalrule.#EHowever,-itisusualtotieallhumanvoicestogetherwithalefthea!vyandrightthinverticalrule.ThiscanbMespeci ed(butonlyoncepersystem)b!yspecifyingsP\def\lowersonginstrumaJ{MmP}s\def\uppersonginstrumaJ{MnP}where3[MmandMnarethein!trument3[numbMersofthe rstandlastchoralvoices.Anexampleofus-ing&thisfeatureisgiv!eninPPRAETORI&ٹand{morecomplicated{alsoinPANGESCAMandPANGESCAO."A2.3$cStartingffyourmasterpiece2.3.1)@Typingthe rstsystemJustfcoMdesP\debutmorceauwhic!h˸willinitiate(withindentationP\parindent=H\)the rstsetofsta sforallinstrumentsyouha!ve̋previouslyde ned.PMButthatisnotsucien!ttobMeginwritingnotesandsilences.Infact,y!oufalsomustchoMosethespacingofthenotes.R2.3.2)@EasyselectingnotespacingThefeasiestw!ayfofgettingareasonablenotespacingisdoneb!ysayingsP\normalsThisde nesanelemen!taryspacingofP10pt."IfyousayP\large&2/cFtheelementaryspacing(P\elemskip3)issettoP12pt.Oncethisisdone,&y!oucanselect7Np &7p y ɍ2wmultiplesofthisvdDaluetoselectspMeci cunotespacingb!yinitiatingyournotecolumnwithP\notes(spacingP\elemskip),fP\Notes(spacingfP1.4\elemskip),etc.sTheisalsoamacronamedP\etroit0Jwhic!hyieldsnarrower3ƍspacingsbutnotincreasinginfthesamew!aye.sIn"ipractice,,P\qhR,P\hl,etc.)willPbMefollo!wedPbyaspacingofP\noteskip6J.Then, the/advdDan!tageofthede nitionofP\elemskipisthat,wheneveritischanged,allsubsequentP\noteskipswillbMeupdatedproportionallysothatasimplec!hangeofP\elemskipcanexpandorfshrinkallconsecutiv!enotespacingsasawhole.sIffthesevdDaluesofP\elemskiparenot ttoy!ourneeds,youcanalsosaysP\normalD\elemskipxn=15ptorfrev!erttothebasicnoteintroMducingsequence:sP\vnotesJq7Mq$=P\elemskipKnotefspMeci cations3,P\enoteswherefMq isapMositiv!eintegerordecimalnumbMer.sOfcourse,0wify!ouaresucientlyskilledwithT,[wEB X,0wyoucanalsocomputeP\elemskip;殹ac- cordingftothen!umbMerfofbarsy!ouwantinalineandthenumbMerofnotesineachbar.sHo!wever,Fyou&mayalsoprefertoaskMusicT,[wEB XtocomputethesizeofP\elemskip< (fromthecurren!tpagewidth(P\hsize"})afterassumingaconstantnumbMerofbarsofaconstantnum-bMerofbeatswithineac!hline4.#Therefore32-thnoteshangingona triplefbMeamareinitiatedb!yP\ibbbu)MnpsandterminatedbyP\tbuKtMn.sIt,isalsopMossibletocodebeamswhosem!ultiplicity,isnotthesameatthebeginning.YThem!ultiplicity(canbMeincreasedatan!yposition."Feorinstance, P\nbbu$Mnwhic!hsetsthemultiplic-it!ySfofuppMerbeamn!umberSfMnto2startingatthecurren!tposition,dP\nbbbu)5bMnsetsitsm!ultiplicityto63, P\nbbbbu/gMnsetsitsm!ultiplicity6to4, andP\nbbbbbu5#Mnsetsitto5.xP\nbbl%)Mn.3..P\nbbbbbl3cMnpMerformfthesamefunctionsforlo!werfbeams.sNoteshangingorstandingonbMeamsarecodedintheformP\qhMnbpandP\qbMnpwhereMnisq`thebMeamn!umberq`andMpthepitc!hofthenotehead.0MusicT,[wEB XadjuststhelengthofthenotestemmtolinkthebMottomofthec!hordtoanupperbeam(normallywithP\qh )andthetopofthec!hordftoalowerbMeam(normallywithP\qbd).sNotethatthedi erencebMet!weenupperandlo!werbeamsdoesnotmainlyconsistinthebMeambeingabo!veorbMelowthenoteheads;Qrather,itspMeci eswhethertheabscissaofthebe-ginningCandtheendofthisbMeamisalignedontherigh!t(upperbeam)orontheleft(lo!wer)bMeam.Th!us,fthesequence:^3ڍJ&K2.6.CBEAMSx193ڍYȺ33ffifTffifTffifTffifTffifTȺ33ffffG Lʟff! ff!ff!ff!ff!ff!sfj 31󙜟fj3/ۙfj03+ϙ3fj<3)ÙsfjH3'ff!W?33ffff hasfbMeencodedas`P\notes\ibu0h0\qh0e\nbbu0\qh0e\nbbbu0\qh0e\nbbbu0\relax`\qh0e\nbbbbu0\qh0e\nbbbbbu0\qh0e\tbu0\qh0e\enotessItfisquitepMossibletoterminatewithP\tbuKtabeaminitiatedwithP\ibl.Thisma!ygive:5TDȵ33ffEf]ffEf]ffEf]ffEf]ffEf]ȵ33ffffG͈133ff 34 y?ffT! ˩sff ?ffT!ff ?ffT!5fj31ffs5fj31ff癞35fj)fd @T @Tff!3?33ffffwhic!hfhasbMeencodedas`P\notes\ibl0p0\qb0p\nbbl0\qb0p\nbbbl0\qb0p\tbu0\qh0e\enotesP!artial4IterminationofbMeamsisalsopossible,Wb!yusingP\tbbu%&orP\tbbl:thesemacrostermi- nateXthecurren!tbMeamexceptthatoforder1(eighths).P\tbbbu,zorP\tbbbl*terminatethecur-ren!tfbMeamexceptthoseoforder1and2,etc.sThe]macrosP\tbbu% andP\tbblma!yalsobMeinvokedwhenonlyasinglebMeamisactive.Then,daVesecondbMeam(upperorlo!werVeaccordingtheinitiatingprocedure)isopenedKonenotewidthfbMeforethecurren!tposition,andclosedimmediately.Th!usthefollowingsequence5TDȵ33ff-f^ff-f^ff-f^ff-f^ff-f^ȵ33ffffȈGو Lʟ?ff!fj32fj 31 ?ff!?33ffffisfcoMded:`P\notes\ibu0e0\qh0e\tbbu0\tbu0\qh0e\enotessThesamebMeha!viouroccursinthecaseofP\tbbbu&,,P\tbbbl&-,P\tbbbbu+퓹,P\tbbbbl,P\tbbbbbu andfP\tbbbbbl1.sThefsymmetricalpatternisalsopMossible.Feorexample:5TDȷ33ff1fZff1fZff1fZff1fZff1fZȷ33ffffƈG/fjȳffT!35fjfb ffT!H?33ffffhasfbMeencodedas:`P\Notes\ibbl0j0\rlap{\qsk\tbbl0}\qb0j\tbl0\qb0j\enotesKREMARK:|thesecoMdingsma!yseemcomplicated.>Infact,΁itistheresponsibilit!yoftheuserto de neYqmacroswhic!hpMerformthemostcommonsequencesinhismasterpiece.6Feorexample,honecouldfde nesetsoffoursixteen!thsbythemacro:m3ڍJ&20KCHAPTERf2.CPRA!CTICALUSE3ڍ&sP\def\qqh#1#2#3#4#5{% s\ibbl0#2#1\qh#2\qh#3\tbl0\qh#4}KwheresmallerrestsareP\hpause.QT(ofdurationequalHtoaKhalfnote),qP\soupir0J(durationequaltoaKquarternote),qP\dsoupir6(durationequaltoanKeigh!thnote,dalsoP\dsĖ),P\quartsoupirN>(durationequaltoanKsixteen!thnote,alsoP\qsĖ),P\huitsoupirB(durationzMequaltoanKthirt!ysecondnote,alsoP\hsK),P\seizsoupirF9(durationequaltofanKsixt!yfourthnote,alsoP\qqs).sLongrests(lastingsev!eralbars)canbMecodedasP\PAuse)ņandP\PAUSe&!,Kwhic!hrespectiv!elyyield:5TD8AП33ffTt'ffTt'ffTt'ffTt'ffTt'8AП33ffff5ҟG׍M4 M4TݖMnR:ܫ?33ffff Q2S;?33ffffR2.7.2)@LiftedrestsAll=thepreviousrestsareKh!bMoxess;bthis=meansthattheycanbev!erticallyo settomeetpoly-phonicfm!usicrequirementsusingthestandardT,[wEB XcommandP\raise&$b.sInaddition,t!wosymbMolshavebMeenprovidedtoputaKfullrestoraKhalfrestabMo!veorbMe-lo!w&Othesta .]ThentheordinaryP\pauseorP\hpausecannotbMeusedsincethereisaneedforsmallfhorizon!tallinetodistinguishbMetweenthefullandthehalfrest.Theyare:lN`P\expauseMMpf(spacing)for Οatpitc!hpMositionMp,lN`P\exhpauseRdMpf(spacing)for Ο5,lN`P\zexpauseRdMpf(nonspacing)for Ο5,lN`P\zexhpauseXMpf(nonspacing)for Ο5."A2.8$cPhantomffnotesqItCma!ybMeinteresting,}whencoMdingasequenceofnoteswithinauniquepairP\notes...\enotes, to/skiponenoteplaceinorder{forexample{tosetthethirdnoteofonesta atthesameabscissaasthatofthesecondnoteofanothersta .\ThiscanbMedoneb!yinsertingP\skNwhichcausesfaspacingofoneP\noteskip7c`7<#d. Uff/4 L͍ {-=7aWDonotuse^\kernWnor^\hskip#hW:infact^\sk;Wnotonlycausesaspacebutalsorecordsthatspaceforcorrect handlingTofbAeams.3ڍJ&22KCHAPTERf2.CPRA!CTICALUSE3ڍ&sIf\y!oujustwanttoshiftanoteorasymbMolbyonenoteheadwidth,kyoumaywriteP\qsk[. Ho!wever,ifGyouwanttoo setanotebyonenoteheadwidthinachord,youhavebMetterusethefP\roff$ macro8./sNotethattheset!wolattermacrosm!ustbMeusedinsideapairP\notes...\enotes. 5Ifyouw!ant|tomak!easpacingofonenoteheadwidthoutside,lwriteP\nspace,.^Converselye,lamoregeneralfspacingisallo!wedfwithintheP\notes...\enotespairs,namely:sP\off929Mdwhere%Mdisan!yT,[wEB XvdDaliddimension,forexampleP\noteskiporP5\Interligne.Infact,ify!ouloMokototheMusicT,[wEB Xsource,qy!ouwill ndthatP\offisthebasiccontrolsequenceusedtode- nefP\skd,fP\qsk,fetc."-2.9$cCollectiveffcos3ding:32sequencesofnotesqAs{seenintheRMozarEtexample, ,~itisnotnecessarytowriteamacrosequenceP\notes...\enotes9foreac!hcolumn.If,^onallsta sofallinstruments,^spacingsareequalorm!ultipleoofauniquevdDalue,zthenotesmaybMeconcatenatedineachsta :§eachnoteineachsta mak!esthecurrentpMositionhorizontallyadvdDancebytheelementaryspacingspMeci edbythec!hoicefofP\notes,P\Notes,P\NOtes,etc.sTheZmajorin!terestofthisfeatureresidesinthatfactthatthenotemacrosareabletowrite*dsev!eralitems;SforinstanceP\qu{cdefghij}writestheKC-majorscaleinquarterswithstemup.ݺInthesamew!ayP\cl{abcdef^gh}writestheKA-minoro&scaleineigh!ths.Notallnotegener-atingfmacroscanbMeusedtoperformcollectiv!ecoding,butmostofthemcan.Theyare:ZlN`allthespacingnotes:(P\wh&,xP\huv,xP\hl...dP\ccccl*\andthebMeamhook!ednotes,xi.e.dP\qhbMnand`P\qb,Mn.0lN`allfthec!hordnoteswithnamesoftheformP\z....sCon!verselye,5shiftednotesarenotsuppMosedtobeusedincollectiv!ecoding,5mainlybecausethey/areusedinv!eryspMecialcaseswhichdonotdeservewastingmemoryspacetomakethemcollectiv!e./sIffnecessaryav!oidspacecanbMeinsertedinacollectivecoMdingbyusingP*."-2.10,AccidentalsqAcciden!talsfcanbMeintroMducedintwoways.sThe rstw!aye,.theKmanualwayofcoMdingthem,.consistsforexampleincodingP\flQato putaK atչatthepitc!hMa,ܱsuppMosedlybeforethefurthernoteofthatpitc!h.`*ThereisnocontrolupMonthefactthatanotewillbeputatthispositionandatthispitc!h. ANaturals,zsharps,dou-blef atsanddoublesharpsarecoMdedP\naMp,P\shMp,P\dflKtMpandP\dshMprespMectiv!elye./sAlternateDproMceduresP\lflC,X]P\lnaW,X]P\lsh,X]P\ldfl#[andDP\ldsh#HplaceDthesameacciden!tals,X]buttheirabscissaisshiftedonenoteheadwidthontheleft.ThepurpMoseofthisistoa!voidcolli-sionfofacciden!talsinachordwithnarrowintervdDals.ff/4 L͍ {-=8aWTheXreasonforthatpAertainstoMusiXTuAEXwhic9hmightdilateorshrinkthe^\ XWspacingwhilethe^\Wro o - setTisabsolute.3ڍJ&K2.11.CTRANSPOSITIONfANDOCTeAȈVIATIONZd233ڍ&sThe8secondw!ay8ofcoMdingacciden!talsconsistsinputtingthesymbMolP^(sharp),thesym- bMolC ffs H( at),sthevsym!bolP=(natural),sthesym!bolP>(doublesharp),sorthesym!bolP<(double at)withinzthecoMdingofthenote,e.g.:ǶP\qh{^g}yieldsaMG].Thisma!yverywellbMecombinedwithcollectiv!efcoMding,e.g.:P\qu{ac^d}.sTw!osizesareavdDailableforaccidentals.~TheyreverttothesmallversionwhennotesaresuppMosedtobetooclosetoeac!hother.ThesetwosizescanbMeforcesbycoMdingP\bigfl%u,P\bigsh%,etc.,ror6P\smallfl1,P\smallsh1¹,etc."If6onedoMesnotw!ant6toha!ve6anysmallaccidentals,rthenonecanIPdeclareP\bigaccidtheP!Uepre xtoresettheP\transposeregisterexplicitelytothevdDalueithadwhenen!tering3ڍJ&24KCHAPTERf2.CPRA!CTICALUSE3ڍ&P\notes9.Th!us P\qu{!a'a}alwaysgivesthenotePaanditsuppMerocta!ve PhKshiftedb!ythevdDalueof P\transposeKatthebMeginningofthecurren!tP\notes...\enotesgroup(orP\Notes...\enotes,etc.)whatev!erfthenumbMerofpreviousgraveandacuteaccentsoMccurringinbMetween.ZsThepabMo!veproMcessesindeedchangetheverticalpMositionofthenoteheadsandassociatedsym!bMolsg[(notestems,saccentsandbMeams)buttheydonottakecareofthenecessarychangesofacciden!tals whentranspMosing,?|i.e.MEthefactthatanMFV]occurringwithazerosignatureshouldbMecomeDSaMB\whentransposingfromthetonalit!yofMC ԹmajortoMFɩmajorwherethenormalMBistheYtMB[.7Sincethein!tentYtofthecompMoserisnotob!vious{hemaywanttoshiftagroupofnoteswithinr8thesametonalit!yorconverselytotranspMoseitinanothertonality{thisisnotdoneau-tomaticallye.]Th!us&JtheP\sheH,FCP\flA,FCP\na,FCP\dshk5and&JP\dflK(resp.  P\bigSh3'andP\smallSh-P)ȶmeansthatthecorrespMondingpitc!hhastoberaisedb!yKonehalfpitchwithrespMecttoJitsnormalvdDalueKaccordingtothecurren!tsignature.\ThusP\ShbmeansaMB]ifthesignatureiszeroorpMositiv!e,andaMB\ifitisnegative.o+ThesamelogicappliesforallaccidentalshavinganfuppMercaseforelastletter.ZsOb!viouslye,dtheecomputationisdoneaftertakingaccountofthevdDalueoftheP\transposeregister.sThecompactcoMdesP^,%tffs v,tP=arenormallynota ectedb!ytranspositionandsigna-tures,9butktheirbMeha!viourcanbec!hangedbysayingP\relativeaccidentals}fandresetbyP\absoluteaccidentalsv(thefdefaultsituation).sAlthoughKrelativ!eaccidentalcoMdingisaneasyandsafewayofcoMdingKtransposablescores,careshouldbMeexercisedingettingridofthehabitofsa!yingP\nabtorisethepitchofaMBmwhenthetonalit!yisMF8\major(i.e.withP\signMn'P=-1orP\generalsignatureemP{-1}).Anexampleofso-phisticated)TtranspMositionisgiv!eninthescorePsouvenir.tex(whichP\inputsPsouvenix.tex).ItMshouldbMenotedthatKrelativ!eaccidentalcoMdingeiscompatiblewithKcautionaryaccidentalcoMd-ing:infthiscase,oneshouldcoMdeP\cNa,P\cSh,P\cFl,P\cdSh d,P\cdFl$ respMectiv!elye.sBesides,fthet!ypicalpianooMctavetranspMositionK8-----4ȹcanbeobtainedb!ycoding:sP\octfinHWMpfnwhic!hrputsthe8anddottedlinesymbMolsatthepitchMp(usuallyPptoPr). CThelengthisMnP\noteskip3.IThis3ob!viously tforshortoMctaviationdenotations.ITeotranspMoseawholeline,usekP\octline5&Mp.SincekP\octfin0*|terminateskwithasmallhoMokdo!wn, ltoindicateclearlywhereoMcta!viationostops,zyoumayalsoliketouseP\octsup/"whichbMehaveslikeP\octfin/"withoutthe -nal{hoMok.Allthissupposesy!ouhaveanideaoftheactuallinebreakingofyourscoreinthatsection,WpandCthisisadmittedlydiculttohandlewhenoMcta!veCtranspositionissupposedtolonga*largen!umbMer*oflines.*Inthatlattercase,[y!oucanusetheP\def\everystaff?ratherthanP\ilegu(resp.usingP\IleglratherthanP\ileglifalo!werfslurisw!anted),fnamely:`P\NOtes\Ilegu0l\qug\enotes`\NOtes\quh\enotes`\NOtes\qli\enotes`\NOtes\tleg0\qlj\enotessItshouldtobMenotedthat,asastandard,Kties_ stillusetheT,[wEB Xbracingsym!bMols;thisismainlyakdonetoa!voidakvisibilityproblemswithtiesoMccurringinthemiddleofsta s,o7i.e.inasit-uationIwheretielinescouldo!verlapIandbMeconfusedwithsta lines.*ButtheMusicT,[wEB XusercanarequestusingspMecialslurfon!tsbycoMdingP\Itenu*2orP\ItenlinsteadofP\itenuorP\itenl&X].Ev!enfmore,bigsymbMoltiesareavdDailableusingP\ITenu)ȹorP\ITenl&$b.sAs+qastandard,Donlyt!wo+qslurandtiesym!bMolsizesarereferredbyMusicT,[wEB Xmacros,Dbutaquic!kloMokintoPmusicnft.texshowthatthesede nitionsexplicitelyrefertoacharacternum-bMerfoftheslurfon!t:|3ڍJ&26jKCHAPTERf2.LPRA!CTICALUSE3ڍ&`P\def\ITenu#1{\selecttenue{#1}\I@tenu{70}}% `\def\Ilegu#1#2{\selecttenue{#1}{\advance\locx@skipby-1.5\qn@width`\I@tenu{70}{#2}}}%`\def\Itenu#1{\selecttenue{#1}\I@tenu{66}}%`\def\ilegu#1#2{\selecttenue{#1}{\advance\locx@skipby-1.5\qn@width`\I@tenu{66}{#2}}}%FsThen6theMusicT,[wEB Xusercan,Zforhiso!wnspMecialneeds,de nenewmacrosusingotherc!haractercoMdesintherange64{79, FknowingthateachcharacterofthisrangeisonepMointlongerthanfthepreviousone.̲2.12.20ProblemwithlargeslurendsDueiztospacingproblems,?itma!yhappMenthattheendofanP\Ilegu+PorP\Ileglmaksessomeugly]o!verlapbMetweenthecurrrentslurhorizontalruleandtheendingsymbMolitself.oThisisduetoFtheendingsym!bMolbeingsolongthatito!verlapsFtheendofthehorizon!talrule.Theeasi-est_dw!ayofremovingthatslighttroubleconsistsinreplacing|forexample|P\tleg 0withthemorefsophisticatedcommands:}sP\rlap{\qsk\tleg0}whic!hfdelaysthepMositionoftheclosingslursymbMolbyaspaceequaltothenoteheadwidth.2.12.30WeirdslursandtiesInGsomespMecialcases,o;usuallyinroman!ticmusic,o;onemaywanttoinvertthesenseofaslur, linkingQforexampleak!eybMoardphrasebeginningatthelefthandandendingattherigh!thand.Th!us,ftheslurofnumbMerMn(anumericvdDamue,notaromannumeral)canbMeinvertedby}sP\Invertslur_VMnsBesides,forw-somegoModw-reason,onema!ywanttoraiseasluratthenextline.xThisisdonebysP\def\atnextline{\liftslur7c`MnP{fKdimensionP}}whic!hwilllifttheslurnumbMerMnbythegivenamountatthenextlinechange.6Ofcourse, P\liftslur7c`couldfbMecalledinthemiddleofaline,buttheresultw!ouldberatheruglye.sTheset!wofeaturesareusedatbarsnumbMer131{132ofexamplesPPACIFIQBȹandPPACIFIQN.2.12.40Re nedslursforclevertyp`esettersInuadditiontothepreviousextensionandimpro!vementuofexistingfeatures,9longnicehorizon-talfslursarealsoa!vdDailable,buttheycanbMeusedonlywithtworestrictions:FlN`TheyfarenotmanagedwhenKglueCmisinserted,espMeciallyb!yP\temps)ȹandP\barre&$b;}lN`TheyfcannotbMecutatlinebreaking.sTh!us,7"theirQuseisrecommendedonlyforniceslursextendingafewbarsandnotsuppMosed tofoMccuracrosslines.Withthisrestrictions,5TDȳ33ffefbffefbffefbffefbffefbȳ33ffffG߀ Lʟyff!Lʟyff!,yyfff!@yfff!T?33ffffp3ڍJ&K2.13.CBARS|\273ڍ&hasfbMeenobtainedb!ycoding:q鍑`P\NOtes\zcharnotel{\huslur{3.5\noteskip}}\qug\enotes `\NOtes\quh\enotes`\NOtes\qli\enotes`\NOtes\qlj\enotessHo!wever,the bMestsolutionisno!wtouseMusiXT,[wEB XwhichsystematicallymakesbMeauti-fulfslurs,atthecostofathreepasssysteminsteadofone..."Qɍ2.13,Bars2.13.10BarsandspacingOrdinaryKbarsvacoMdedusingthemacroP\barre)(thisisaFerenc!hword11 ). Thismacroprovidesanoptional(discretionary)lineorpagebreak12 .Italsopro!videssomeKglueMinordertoexpandtheftexto!verfanev!enly lledline.7 sHo!wever,s&sincefVthen!umbMerfVofbarsinascorelineisgenerallysmall,itma!ybMeconvenienttoJXallo!wKglue_notonlyoneachsidesofKbarss.ɴThiscanbMedoneusingthemacroP\temps+(theFerenc!hfwordforKbMeat=).Thismacrohastwoe ects: b%1.`itfinsertssomeKglueCmbutprev!entsflinebreaking13 ,7 b%2.`ifPJsometiesorslursarepMendingitexpandsthemacrosstheglueb!ywritinganP\hrule`whic!hfoverlapstheun nishedtieandmakesitloMokprolongated.YsWhatev!erSthecareyouexercizeinadjustingthesizeoftheP\elemskip9, youarestilllik!elywto ndsomebrokenties(whichindicateexcessivegluedisassemblingtheglidingtieP\hrule"}s)orsomeunexpMected(andun!wanted)linebreaksorsomeOv!er[aw]fullP\hbox! es.rAusefulP|meansofestimatingtheremainingspacetobMe lledwithglueconsistsindeclaringP\raggedlinestrue_a:afterthat,anP\hfil$ԹwillbMeinsertedb!yMusicT,[wEB Xbeforeeac!hcomputed(when_usingP\autolines<ܚ)orforcedlinebreak.bTh!us,n allthemusicaltextwillbMepackedontheleft>ofthelineandy!ouwillclearlyseetheamountofremainingspace.eThen, itwillbMeuptoy!oufdodecidechangingsomespacingparameters.7 LImpYortantt:KdonotuseP\temps)KwhenbMeams^arepending,otherwisetheirspatialsync!hroniza-tionFw!ouldfail.Inotherwords,Ytiesandslurscanjumpoverglue(bMecausehorizontalrulesmayo!verlapfandth!ushavesomeelasticity)butbMeams(aswellasanyobliquelines)cannot.$ 2.13.20Barnumb`eringUnlessnotherwisespMeci ed,barsaren!umbered.5Thisnisagoodmeansof ndingerrorspro!videdthat"theMusicT,[wEB Xuserhasputcommen!tsinhissourcetextrecordingthe(expMected)barnum-bMer.3Ho!wever,athisPhcanlookunpleasan!tfor naloutputs,asincethehabitistonumbMerbarsonlyeac!hother veortenbars.ThisisnotaseriousproblemsincethefrequencyofbarnumbMeringisfde nedas:։ff/4 L͍-=11aWWhoseTadv|ran9tageisthatitdi ersfrom^\barWwhichisalreadyde nedinTuAEX. -=12aWUnlessTitistriggeredaccordingtobarcoun9tingwhen^\autolines5jWhasbAeeninvoked.-=13aWThisTcouldunpleasan9tlyoAccurifyouinsertaspace...(3ڍJ&28KCHAPTERf2.CPRA!CTICALUSE3ڍ&sP\def\freqbarno9|{1}sIfxWy!oureplacetheP1byP5,barnumbMeringwilloccureac!hother vebars.΃Yeoucanalsoin- hibitfan!ybarnumbMerprintingbytelling:sP\def\wbarno{}or,finamoreclev!erway:sP\def\freqbarno{9999}.sThe9)barcoun!terisalsoaccessible,OitsnameisP\barno%%.sThishasnothingtodothethebarcoun!tingfinvokedbyP\autolines=# ,soyoucanchangeitwithoutanydramaticconsequence.R2.13.30FullandinstrumentdividedbarsNormallye,,bars (asw!ellasdoublebars, nalbarsandrepMeatbars)aredra!wnasacontinuousline,!\startingforthebMottomofthelo!wersta ofthelo!werinstrument,andendingatthetopofWtheuppMersta oftheupperinstrumen!t.ÞHowever,ghoneWmaywanttohavediscontinuousbars,thatgDis,sonecon!tinuousgDbarforallthesta sofauniqueinstrumen!t.Thisisdonebyissuingthecommandd5P\sepbarrulesH`-.And5exampleofthisisgiv!eninthePANGESCAOd$(orPANGESCAM)example;itfhasalsobMeenusedintheexampleofsection2.19.2.sThefinitialsituationcanbMeforcedorrestoredb!yP\stdbarrulesH^."A2.14,LineffandpagebreakingqBars pro!videalinebreakingmechanismwhichissuppMosedtoenableT,[wEB Xtobreakafullscorein!tom linesandpages,withanoptimaldistributionofthetextintolinesandpages.1Unfortu-natelye,this^doMesnotw!orkcorrectlyforscoresofmorethatapproximatelyonepage.Therea-sonp2isthatT,[wEB Xm!ustcompiletheentirecontentsofaparagraph,{ bMeforeittriestobreakitintolinesvandpages.Therefore,onecannotrelyonT,[wEB Xtomak!ethatworkwhichautomaticallyre-sultsfinthediagnosticPTeXcapacityexceeded,memory....sTeo$circum!ventthisdramaticallyrestrictivecapacity14 ,unlessyouusesomeBigT,[wEB X15 ,an-otherfmec!hanismmustbMeinvokedtobreaklines.sTheYW rstoneistheman!ualone:CyoureplacesomeoftheP\barremacrocallsbyeitherP\alaligne7ڹ(equivdDalen!t+toP\break*ռwithintext:infactitcontainsaP\break*ռplussome(many)otherothings).Inthesamew!aye,1youocancoMdeP\alapagetoforceanP\eject*Pڹwithproperreini-tializationfofsta s,clefsandsignatures.sTheysecondoneis tforscoreswithbarsofregularlength:PafterP\debutmorceauO5B,ny!oucoMdefthefollo!wingmacro:sP\autolinesMtmlwhereMtisthen!umbMerofKelemen!taryspacings (thelengthofP\notes...\enotes)inanaveragebar,%Mmisthen!umbMerofbarsy!ouwishinalineandMl0meansan!umbMerofsharps,Mn <0meansan!umberof ats.Or,fy!oumayprefertochangethesignatureofonlyoneortwoinstrumentsbythestatement:sP\signMrMP=MswhereMr3istheromann!umeraloftheinstrumentconsidered,uandMsitsspMeci csignature.Sinceky!oumaychangesimultaneously(withrespMecttothescore)butconsecutively(withre-spMect|toy!ourcode)thesignaturesofsev!eralinstruments,4thischangetakesplaceonlywheny!ousayP\changesignaturec(withinabar)orP\changecontextXrb(afterasingleverticalrule)orP\ChangecontextTe(afteradoublev!erticalrule).Inthesamewaye,youmaywanttochangetheactiv!efclefs.ThisisdonebysP\cleftoksMrUooP={{Ms1P}{Ms2P}{Ms3P}{Ms4P}}%Off/4 L͍-=17aWF:orTexample,y9oumayprefertoturnthepageataplacewherethepianisthasonehandfree.3ڍJ&30jKCHAPTERf2.LPRA!CTICALUSE3ڍ&where"Mr.istheromann!umeraloftheinstrument,Ms1spMeci estheclefofthelowersta ,Ms2the clefV_ofthesecondsta ,\etc.Onem!ustalwaysgivefourvdDalueswiththeabMovesyntax,\other-wise.3..+Ms1h=6meanstheKbassRzclef(clefdefainFerenc!h),Ms1h=0meanstheKviolinclef(clefdesol+inFerenc!h),DSMs1 =1+throughMs1 =5+meantheKaltoclef(clefd'utinFrenc!h)seton rst(lower)through>" fth(uppMerlineofthesta ). J Asseenabo!ve>"inthecaseofsignatures,dsev!eralclefsma!ybMechangedatthesametime;PthusalltheclefchangesbMecomeoperationalonlywhenthemacroP\changeclefsLa̹iscoMded.hNormalusageconsistsinissuingthiscommandbeforethebar,notfafter(thishelpsthem!usicplayerwhenthechangehappMensacrossalinebreak).sTheHiP\changeclefscommandnormallytak!essomehorizontalspacetoputoneofmoreclefsym!bMols,butitmayhappMenthatyouhavenonotesimmediatelybMeforeonthesta whoseclefkeisc!hanged.,Inthatcase,youcanuseP\zchangeclefsSlwhichpMerformsthesameposting,o!verwrittenpleftonthelastpartofthescoreinthatsta .ӋOfcourseitisy!ourrespMonsabilitytoensurefthatnonoteswillcollidewiththeclefc!hangesymbMols.sCaution_shouldbMeexercizedc!hangingclefswhenKbeamsarepending: infacttheP\changeclefsyandP\zchangeclefspMerturbatethecomputationofbeamsandthiscommandshouldfbMein!vokedfonlylN`outfofP\notes,P\Notes...|P\enotespairs;lN`onlyfwhennobMeamispending18 .sIfVaclefc!hangehastobMetypMesetwhenoneorseveralbMeamsarepending,theoperation shouldfbMedoneinamoreman!ualway:lN`sa!yP\saveclefsApinsteadofP\changeclefsLԹ:ThisactuallyrecordstheP\cleftoksMr@dstate-`men!tandnofurtherP\changeclefswillrepMeattheclefchange;TthenewclefwillnotbMe`t!ypMesetfbyP\saveclefsitselfbutratherbythenextP\notesorP\Notescommand;lN`sa!y yP\charnote0{\smallclefdesol}(resp.xP\charnote0{\smallclefdefa}or`P\charnote0{\smallclefdut})Owherey!oulikeitandattherightsta (i.e.withinP\notes,`P\Notes...|fP\enotespairs)tot!ypMesetthewantedclefsymbMol.AsXyanexample,hanexcerptofRBrahms'sIn!termezzoop.117,1providedbyMiguelRFilgueiras:dЀBSЀ S33ff"ff"ff"ff"ff"S33ff"ff"ff"ff"ff"S33AffffTIUG22P2ꟺ22P2Oh^033ff 34!34!̈́'ffΟ!˟H ! ! ?!ff@T! @T! 5ff ! ?DrD$)33ff 34!34!̈́ ffΟ!$)33ff fgff ff 34!34 L!fg"-34"̈́#ff!2(33ff 34L!34!L̈́"ffΟ!2(33ff fgff ff 34!34 L!34"g"fff!AJN(33ff 34!̈́ff(Ο!N(33ff fgff 34!34!̈́%ffΟ!@TBLɟޖBڀTBLɟB33ff ff 34L!L̈́'LwffΟ!k?33Affffwhic!hfwascoMdedas:P\begin{music}\def\nbinstruments{1}\relax\def\freqbarno{9999}%nobarnumbers\nbporteesi=2\relax\cleftoksi={6000}\generalsignature{-3}%3flats\debutextraitOff/4 L͍-=18aWNoTproblemwithslursandties.k3ڍJ&K2.16.CREPEAeTSgHչ313ڍ&P\normal \off{1em}\temps\Notes\larpeggio{E}5\zq{EI}\qu{N}%\charnote0{\smallclefdesol}\relax\nextstaff\qsk\ibl0e{-1}\zq{eg}\qb0l\zq{d}\qb0k\enotes\cleftoksi={0000}\saveclefs\Notes\tbu0\zq{ce}\qh0j\relax\nextstaff\zq{sn}\cl{l}\enotes\Notes\zq{be}\qu{i}\nextstaff\zq{sn}\ql{l}\enotes\cleftoksi={6000}\changeclefs\Notes\zq{E}\cu{I}\relax\nextstaff\ibbu1h{-1}\zq{ae}\qh1h\tbu1\zq{N}\qh1g\enotes\finextrait\end{music}sKMeteroc!hangesfareimplementedthesameway:sP\metertoksMrMP={{Mm1P}{Mm2P}{Mm3P}{Mm4P}}%whereMristheromann!umeraloftheinstrument,JMm1spMeci esthemeterofthelowersta ,JMm2 the!meterofthesecondsta ,<etc.Onem!ustalwaysgivefourvdDalueswiththeabMovesyntax,<oth-erwise.3..5Sincemeterc!hangesaremeaningfulonlyacrossbars,3)theyareactuallytakeninac-coun!tfwithP\changecontextWorP\ChangecontextorP\alaligne; ƹorP\alapage1."A2.16,Reps3eatsqTeofinsertaKrepMeatbaroy!oucanuseseveralsetsofproMcedures.R2.16.10ElementaryandunsafesolutionsThesimplestconsistsinusingthecommandsP\leftrepeatsymbole],'P\rightrepeatsymboloandP\leftrightrepeatsymbol{"%coMdedoutsidetheP\notes...\enotespairs{whic!hwillsimplyin-sertfthesecolonadorneddoublebarsattherequestedplace.Feorexample:5TDbO33ffp3)ffp3)ffp3)ffp3)ffp3)bO33ffff"QG/yff"P?33ff33ffff`~s-yff"&f~?33ff33ff ?~ Ɵyff"~?33ffff&b33ff a#&b?33ffffhasfbMeencodedas:`P\notes\hug\enotes`\leftrepeatsymbol`\notes\huh\enotes`\leftrightrepeatsymbol`\notes\hui\enotes`\rightrepeatsymbol`\Notes\whj\enotessHo!wever,|theQpreviousw!ayQofcoMdingdoesnotpro!videforlinebreakingatrepeatbars,nor}doMesitadvdDancethebarn!umbering.>In}fact,thisw!ay}ofcodingifonly tforrepeatsoccur-ringfinthemiddleofabar. 3ڍJ&32KCHAPTERf2.CPRA!CTICALUSE3ڍ&sA secondw!ayofcoMdingconsistsinsayingP\setleftrepeatWx3,҆P\setrightrepeate cor P\setleftrightrepeatp)bMefore֋abar(P\barre"}),P\suspmorceauJҠorP\changecontextSQ׹).Inthiscase,thenextsingle19 v!erticalbarwillbMereplacedwiththeselectedrepeatbar.bThismeetsthetra-ditionalUm!usictypMesettingconventionsintheonlycaseoftheKrightrepMeatCUbut,Qunfortunatelye,left;andleft/righ!trepMeatsusetobeha!ve;inadi eren!tmannerwheninthemiddleofalineandatfalinebreak.R2.16.20Safeandcorrectco`dingThe(thirdcoMding,Anamelythecorrectcoding{i.e.transforminginthecorrectmannerwhenoc-curringatalinebreak{isobtainedb!ysubstitutingtheP\barre*#commandwithP\leftrepeatCC,P\rightrepeatH^andfP\leftrightrepeat_.sNo!w,fifyouwanttoforceanewlineatarepMeat,youshouldcoMderespectiv!ely:sP\setrightrepeatr\alaligne s\setrightrepeatr\suspmorceaus\alaligne\leftrepeatsymbols\reprmorceauao\leftrepeatsymbols\debutmorceaug/\leftrepeatsymbolorfthecom!binationoftwooftheseinthecaseofaleft/rightrepMeat.R2.16.30Sp`eci c rstandsecondpassscoringA]:frequen!t]situationconsistsinalongrepMeatedscore, butthelastfewbarsaredi er-en!teat rstpassandatsecondpass. )ThiscanbMespeci edb!ysayingP\setprimavolta[FJorP\setsecondavolta[20hobMeforethenextP\barre(orKrepeat[ǹ(usuallyP\rightrepeatsymbol).Feorex-amplef::TD^133fffffffffffffff^133ffff[3Gwyff! yff!yff!yff!o"?33ffffä́ fff1.a33ffs玍s-yff! yff!yff!yff!B&V~?33ffff&b33ff &ä́ fff2. &a33ffs玍-yff! yff!yff!yff!JV?33ffff Q4 a#&&h?33ffffhasfbMeencodedas:!P\def\nbinstruments{1}!\generalsignature{0}\savesignature!\nbporteesi=1\cleftoksi={{0}{0}{0}{0}}\relax!\debutextrait\normal!\Notes\qu{ghij}\enotes!\setprimavolta\barre!\Notes\qu{hijk}\enotes!\setsecondavolta\setrightrepeat\barre!\Notes\qu{ijkl}\enotes!\barre!\NOTes\whj\enotes!\finextraitOff/4 L͍-=19a^\setrightrepeatZWdoAesTnotc9hangethee ectof^\finmorceau7W;inthatcaseuse^\finrightrepeatIW. -=20aWF:romTtheItaliandprimav9oltaWmeaning\ rsttime",anddsecondavoltaWmeaning\secondtime".!)Ơ3ڍJ&K2.17.CMISCELLANEOUS;.#333ڍ&sThe=\primav!olta"and\secondavolta"symbMolsarenormallysetatP2\Interligneabo!ve thequppMerlineofthesta ,;andonecen!timeterwide.6IfthemusictypMesetterdoesnotlik!ethat,hefcanissueforexample:sP\Setprimavoltal3{4\Interligne}{0.78in}where3the rstargumen!tistheverticalo set,' andthesecondoneisthelengthoftheuppMerhor- izon!talfline.AsymmetricalfeatureisP\SetsecondavoltacGlwithalsotwodimensionarguments.sNotethatthesespMecialsettingsareonlyvdDalidforoneusage; afterthat,theyareresettothefstandardvdDalues.R2.16.40Largescop`erepeatsLargeAuscopMerepeatsha!veAualsobeenpro!videdspecialsym!bols,UnamelyusingP\coda#AvsetsthearpMeggiosym!bMol8slightlymoreontheleft,Ainordertoavoidcollisionwithaccidentalsinfrontofthechords.sNotetheP\arpeggio;HandP\larpeggioAmak!eanextraspacingofwidthonenotehead(i.e;P\qsk)sothatitiswisetoinsertaP\qskintheothersta sbMeforenoteswhic!haresyncrhonoustofthearpMeggiatednote.sKTerillsܫcani)bMecodedinsev!eralways.tP\trille0pCMlR(whereMlisaT,[wEB Xdimension)yieldsddddwhileP\Trille0qMlQ+(whereMlisaT,[wEB Xdimension)yieldsQtrddddddd=ѹ.8Teoputthesepatternsatagiv!enpitch,'onemayuseP\xtrille4 .Mpl?orP\xTrilleMpl7). OntheotherhandP\ntrilleMpnisequiv-alen!t5toP\xtrille4 MpP{MnP\noteskip}andP\nTrilleMpnisequivdDalen!ttoP\xTrille6/MpP{MnP\noteskip}sOtherfKornamen!tsareavdDailable:lN`P\mordantMMpfforY5,lN`P\pinceAfMpfforW5,lN`P\PinceAfMpfforX5,lN`P\LpinceGDMpffor36(thankstoA.REgler),lN`P\PinceswMMpffor й,lN`P\PinceneMMpffor й,lN`P\PincenwMMpffor й,lN`P\turn;ļMpfforQDj,lN`P\backturnRdMpfforQCj,lN`P\upz6Mpf(uppMerKpizzicatoй)toputadotabo!vefanoteheadatpitc!hMp,lN`P\lpz6Mpf(lo!werKpizzicatoй)toputadotbMelowanoteheadatpitchMp,lN`P\usf6Mpf(uppMerKsforzandoй)toputaM>accen!tabo!vefanoteheadatpitc!hMp,lN`P\lsf6Mpf(lo!werKpizzicatoй)toputaM>accentbMelowanoteheadatpitchMp,#B93ڍJ&K2.17.CMISCELLANEOUS;.#353ڍ&lN`P\ust6Mpf(uppMerKstaccato36orKportatoй)toputah!yphenabo!vefanoteheadatpitc!hMp,lN`P\lst6Mpf(lo!werKstaccato36orKpMortatoй)toputahyphenbMelowanoteheadatpitchMp,lN`P\uppz;ļMpf(uppMerstrongKpizzicatoй)toputanapostropheabo!vefanoteheadatpitc!hMp,lN`P\lppz:Mp(lo!werstrongKpizzicatoй)toputareversedapMostrophebelo!wanoteheadatpitchMp.lN`P\pointdorguecEMp鯹putsaKfermata(inFerenc!h\pMointd'orgue")atpitchMp.NospacingoMccurs.lN`P\pointdurguedbMpfputsarev!erseKfermataatthesameplace.lN`P\PED5?toinsertthepianopMedalcommandbelo!wthesta ;"pedalreleaseisspeci edb!yP\DEPߜ; `th!usfthefollowingexamplebTDЀЀ ȵ33ffef]ffef]ffef]ffef]ffef]ȵ33ffef]ffef]ffef]ffef]ffef]ȵ33AffffȶIG!", cmsy10PQepd. #Lɟyff!? Lʟyff!@ Lʟyff"*?33Affff`w!asfcoMdedas:`P\temps\NOtes\qsk\PED\whJ|\qsk\quh\enotes`\temps\NOtes|\qug\enotes`\temps\NOtes|\huk\enotes`\temps\Notes\DEP\enotes2.17.40Newlinesynchronizationofco`dingThexproMcedurenamedP\everystaffHS>isexecutedeac!htimeanewsystemistypMed.Itisnor-mallyf&v!oid,sbutitcanbMede ned(simplybyP\def\everystaff?133ff fgff 34!34"g"fff!#ןLFLLLL?33Uffff Q2ٓ33ff fgff ̈́.?ff!33ff )ff! &ff!Mff!3ff  ff! ?ff!-#&_. a2ٓ33ff 34L"3 L̼.35234 Fg"fff"js ff! &$ff!J:L[Vb33ff 34!34"g"fff!s33Uffff@Q3&C.D"&C.D"&C.w33ff fgff 34"g"fff"x u cmex10|33 }w33ff 34ffb33ff fgff 34!34"g"fff!&2?33Uffff whosefcoMdingis:P\begin{music}\def\interfacteur{13}\def\nbinstruments{1}\nbporteesi=2\relax\cleftoksi={6000}\generalmeter{\allabreve}\debutextrait\normal\off{1em}\temps\Notes\qp\nextstaff\Ilegu0r\zq{q}\ql{j}\enotes\barre\Notes\qsk\ibu0a1\qh0{CEJLcL}\relax\nextstaff\qsk\rw{l}\pt{p}\zh{_p}\pt{i}\hl{_i}\enotes\Notes\qh0J\itenl1a\qh0a\nextstaff\tleg0\zq{o}\ql{h}\enotes\xbeambarre\Notes\zh{.L.a}\hl{.e}\relax\nextstaff\tten1\qb0{chj}\tbl0\qb0l\cl{q}\ds\enotes\Notes\qp\nextstaff\zq{q}\ql{j}\enotes\finextrait\end{music}"A2.18,SmallffandtinynotesqBefore-=en!teringdetails,NletuspMointoutthatwearepresentlyconcernedwithtypingnotesofsmaller!dsizethanthenormalone,@#withoutattemptingtoc!hangetheintervdDalbMetweenthe velinesfbuildingasinglesta .Changingsta linein!tervdDalwillbMetreatedinafurthersection.R2.18.10CadenzasandexplicitornamentsOrnamen!ts0andKcadenzasJusuallyneedtobMewrittenusingsmallernotes23 .}Thiscanbedoneev!erywherebystatingP\smallnotesizeZ@orP\tinynotesizeO.WNormalnotesizeisrestoredbyP\normalnotesizeV:.sTheseHmacrosonlyha!veHaloMcalscope.Th!us,7ifthesemacrosareinvokedoutsidetheP\notes...\enotespair,uthec!hangeisvdDalidfortherestofthepieceunlessexplicitelymoMd-i ed2qbut,tiftheyarein!voked2qinside,theire ectisloMcaltothecurren!tsta ofthecurrent wff/4 L͍-=23aWThisTisindepAenden9tofthesta size.&e53ڍJ&38KCHAPTERf2.CPRA!CTICALUSE3ڍ&P\notes...\enotesdpair.gAsanexample,thefollo!wingexcerpt(bMeginningoftheAriaofthe \Creation"fb!yJosephRHaEydn)@я33ffCTffCTffCTffCTffCT8 @я33ffCTffCTffCTffCTffCT@я33ffCTffCTffCTffCTffCT@я33nffff>ѐI>ѐI=G׍U4 U4׍U4 U4׍U4 U4b>b>hfyff!|??33nffff }Q1 a# a#ٔ33ff fgff 34 y?ffT!s-yff! arfjfj٘33ff 34 y?ffT! Y ̏ffh musikn13! *ffh! j beamn13lLџlqlLџl ffh!0 33ff fgff 34 y?ffT!)35fj#Lَ ϟff  y?ffT!8Yyff!s-ͫz333GLߍ̈́33̈́33133ff fgff 34 y?ffT! Ϥff  y?ffT!ff fgff  y?ffT!噖35fj'flff  y?ffT!yfff!yfff!3.̈́339Lޟ3333333333?33nffff }Q2s.330{ a# ayfff!yfff!&`..s-yff! a??ffT! Ϥff 34!34 y?ffT!ff !?ffT!ff !3. ?fj'fl?ffT!L̟L̈́ff)!@:yfff!!h.?ffT!133ff 34!34 y?ffT!̈́ff(! 33ff 34!34 y?ffT!fg? yff!36 y?ffT!/mfS2&lBSǿU&lmU5YAAff&!rfj'fn)933ff 34!34 y?ffT!? ?33nffff canfbMecodedas:P\def\DS{\hbox{\ds}}\def\FS{\hbox{\kern0.3\noteskip\soupir}\kern-0.3\noteskip}\def\qbl#1#2#3{\ibl{#1}{#2}{#3}\qb{#1}{#2}}%\def\qbu#1#2#3{\ibu{#1}{#2}{#3}\qh{#1}{#2}}%\def\nbinstruments{2}%\generalmeter{\meterfrac{4}{4}}%\signaturegenerale{0}%\nbporteesii=1\relax\nbporteesii=2\relax\cleftoksi={{6}{0}{0}{0}}\cleftoksii={{6}{0}{0}{0}}\etroit%% Tendofpreliminarydefinitions%\debutextrait\NOTes\soupir&\soupir|\qug\enotes%mesure1\advance\barnoby-1\relax\barre\NOtes\itenu2J\whJ&\zwN\ibl0c0\qb0e|\quj\enotes\notes&\qbl0c0|\noteskip=0.6\elemskip\tinynotesize\Ibbu1ki2\qh1{kj}\tqh1i\qsk\enotes\Notes&\qb0e\tbl0\qb0c|\quj\enotes\temps\Notes&\ibl0c0\qb0{ece}\tbl0\qb0c|\qll\sk\qlj\enotes%mesure2\barre\Notes\tten2\whJ&\qlJ\sk\qlL|\pptg\rlap{\qug}\qbl1e0\relax(=\zqc\qb1e\zqc\qb1e\relax(=\zqc\tbl1\rlap{\qb1e}\\\ccuh\enotes\temps\Notes&\qlN\sk\ptL\ibl0L{-4}\qb0L|\ibl1e0\zqc\rlap{\qb1e}\cug\relax(=\zqc\rlap{\qb1e}\raise\Interligne\DS\rlap{\qug}\qb1g\enotes\notes&\sk\tbbl0\tbl0\qb0J|\tbl1\zqc\qb1e\enotes\finextrait'r13ڍJ&K2.18.CSMALLfANDTINYNOTESř393ڍ&2.18.20GracenotesGraceKxnotesareaspMecialcaseofsmallandtin!ynotes:(thedi erenceisthattheyarealways coMdede'aseigh!thnoteswithanobliquebaroverthe ag.!TeopMerformthis,specialvdDarian!tsofP\cufand'P\clha!ve'bMeenpro!vided,G:namelyP\grcu% randP\grcl b,withtheonlydi erencethatthe aghasbMeenslashed.Usingthistogetherwiththenotereductionmacro,gracenotes(option-allyfc!hordgracenotes)canbMeeasilycoded:5N33ff,ff,ff,ff,ff,N33ffffbPGoyff"bK ff_.musikn16 ! @ Lʟyff"?33ffffƟ! Ɵ@ff!Ɵ#@ ˓?33ffffsThefpreviousexamplew!ascoMdedas:`P\NOtes\qsk\huh\enotes`\temps\smallnotesize`\notes\grcuj\enotes`\temps\normalnotesize`\NOtes\hui\enotes`\barre\tinynotesize`\notes\qsk\zqh\grclj\enotes`\normalnotesize`\NOTEs\whi\enotesR2.18.30Gregoriannoteshap`esPro!videdNthatfourlinesta sareused,KgregorianmusicJRwasfrequentlyquotedusingspMeci cKneumess,and\thisw!ay\ofcoMdinghasbeencommonlyusedforthecodingofliturgicalc!hant\intheCatholic`Ch!urchuntilthemiddleofthetwentiethcenturye.0SymbMolsavdDailableinMusicT,[wEB Xare:lN`DiamondfshapMedKpunctum:ݟB=P\diamg)Mp,lN`SquarefKpunctum:ݟ Թ=P\carrg)Mp,lN`LeftfstemmedKvirga:ݟ Թ=P\carpg)Mp,lN`Righ!tfstemmedKvirga:ݟ Թ=P\carqg)Mp.sTheyfallha!vefanon-spacingvdDarian!t,whichare:lN`NonfspacingdiamondshapMedKpunctum:ݟB=P\zdiamg/rMp,lN`NonfspacingsquareKpunctum:ݟ Թ=P\zcarrg/rMp,lN`NonfspacingleftstemmedKvirga:ݟ Թ=P\zcarpg/rMp,lN`Nonfspacingrigh!tstemmedKvirga:ݟ Թ=P\zcarqg/rMp.sTeomemorizethesesym!bMols,rememberthatPcarrcomesfromtheFerenc!hwordKcarr"Dehwhich meansKsquare,_thattheletterPphasatailontheleftsideandthePqhasatailontherigh!tside.OtherfKneumescanneobtainedb!ycombiningtwoormoreofthesesymbMols(3ڍJ&40KCHAPTERf2.CPRA!CTICALUSE3ڍ&2.18.40Percussionstemlessnoteshap`esP!ercussionfmusicoftenusesstemlessnoteheadsdi erentfromtheusualones.lN`WhitefdiamondorKrimshot=:ݟB=P\diamw)Mp,lN`ThefKshak!er):ݟOB=P\shaker/rMp,lN`Theftremoloc!hord:Nj=P\tremolord@pMp,sTheyfallha!vefanon-spacingvdDarian!t24 ,whichare:lN`NonfspacingwhitediamondorKrimshot=:ݟB=P\zdiamw/rMp,lN`NonfspacingKshak!er):ݟOB=P\zshaker5JMp,lN`Nonfspacingtremoloc!hord:Nj=P\ztremolordFMp,R2.18.50Othernoteshap`esThes classicalnoteheadsgiv!enabMove|namely! ,}O" Wand#f|canbMereplacedwithlessclassi- calnoteheads,"forexampletocoMdespecialKviolinharmonicnotesKLorKpercussionm!usic.rSeeanexamplefin2.23.2sA!tfpresenttime,alternateavdDailablenoteheadsare:lN`The sym!bMolwhichisobtainedusingtheP\qu, oP\qhetc.macrosreplacingthe\Pq"letter`ingthemacronamewitha\Py"orwritingP\ycu,'P\yclϹ,'P\yccu y,'P\ycup$etc.insteadofP\cu,`P\cl,fP\ccu,P\cup,etc.lN`The sym!bMolwhichisobtainedusingtheP\qu, oP\qhetc.macrosreplacingthe\Pq"letter`inthemacronamewitha\Pd"(thinkofKdiamondnR)orwritingP\dcu9,\P\dcl,\P\dccu ,\P\dcup,`etc.insteadfofP\cu,P\cl,P\ccu,P\cup,etc.lN`The' sym!bMolwhichisobtainedusingtheP\qu, oP\qhetc.macrosreplacingthe\Pq"letter`in9themacronamewitha\Pk"orwritingP\kcu,mP\kcl,mP\kccu ,mP\kcup,metc.pUinstead9ofP\cu,`P\cl,fP\ccu,P\cup,etc.lN`The5 sym!bMolwhichisobtainedusingtheP\qu, oP\qhetc.macrosreplacingthe\Pq"letter`inthemacronamewitha\Px"orwritingP\xcu꽹,P\xcl),P\xccu ӹ,P\xcup$insteadofP\cu,P\cl,`P\ccu,fP\cup,etc.lN`The& sym!bMolwhichisobtainedusingtheP\qu, oP\qhetc.macrosreplacingthe\Pq"letter`inthemacronamewiththepair\Pox"orwritingP\oxcu k,EP\oxcl ,EP\oxccu&zA,EP\oxcup*eZinstead`offP\cu,P\cl,P\ccu,P\cup,etc. Uff/4 L͍-=24aWStemless,not9tobAeconfusedwith^\Wzqquiextendsstemswithinac9hord.fF:orthatpurpose,see2.23.3and 2.18.5.)]3ڍJ&K2.19.LSTeAFFfSIZE\l413ڍ&2.19,Sta ffsize2.19.10Movingfrom20ptto16ptgeneralsta sizesandconverselyYeouqkalsow!antqktowritesomepartsofy!ourscorein20ptsta sizeandin16ptsta size,|namely forfdistinctpartsofpieces.Changingthegeneralsta sizeisdoneb!ysaying:sP\musicsizeU=16\computespecifics UorsP\musicsize=20\computespecificsrespMectiv!elye.R2.19.20Changingsta sizeforcertaininstrumentsRegardlessofthegeneralc!hoiceof16ptor20ptsta sizes,"itisnowpMossibletoassigncertaininstrumen!tsv{notspMeratesta sbelongingtoasameinstrumen!t{tohavenarrowersta size.ThisVisdoneb!ygivingaspMecialde nitionofP\staffspacingMrX:whereMrcistheromannumeraloftheinstrumen!tconsidered.=Feorexample,ifthesecondinstrument(startingfromthesystembMottom)fisrequiredtoha!vef25%narro!werfsta s,oneonlyhasetodeclare:sP\def\staffspacingii{0.75}bMeforefthestartingcommandP\debutmorceau. sNotonlydoMesthisstatemen!tchangetheverticalspacingbMetweensta lines,Gbutisalsoc!hangesthesizeofthekeye,*9accidentalandnotesymbMolsto tthemodi edsta linespacing.Ho!wever,3theexistenceofdiscretefon!tscalesformusicsymbMoltypingresultsinsomereason-ablerestrictionsofthevdDaluesofP\staffspacingMrWT:5recommendedvaluesareappro!ximately1,0.8and0.64;qifdi eren!tvdDaluesarechosen,thenthesymbMolsizeistakensmallerthanthelinespacing,fwhic!hmayleadtoreadablebutratheruglytypMesetting.sAsEanexample,mZw!egivetwobarsoftheKAveMariabyCharlesRGounodusingthe rstpreludeYnofJohann-SebastianBac!h'sKWeellTempMeredCla!vier"(transcriptionfororgan,hviolinandv!oice,fthankstoMarkusRVeittes):Ѐz3>_ڎЀ t33fffffffffft33fffffffffftfkff32fffffffftYff32fffffffft33fftI4G'G'f3>GSS S f3>S'K33ff 34Fgyfff"'K@+ן33ff fgff ̈́yff!L͟..'K?ȓ39ff=o /ff" z3>gra|$Jafs /ffh";$mffT!@/x/) I&ffp!R33ff 34yffT! I& ffT!ffT!s5fj&:35fj&u |Y3ff ffT!$Jes|33Yg$JLz33YgLӄ33@♠33Lӄ33@♠33133ff 34Fgyfff"1@b33ff fgff ̈́yff!L͟..1?3.Lӄ33ͫ{Ty39ff=o2f'ff!3.es33ͫ}30afs̑ffh!ffT!@/x/) I&ffp!f-2ff!z3>|30XO}Z/Oiff=o‘32ff=oḦ́1ffh!5qc33ff 34yffT! I& ffT!7>0f-̑ff3o!7>0z3>ti-6iff=oHffff5(h!PIffT!s5fj&:35fj&u |Y3ff 34yffT!*DŽ4LPIf- f*ff!PIz3>aOqĠiff=oḦ́ 32ff(h!i|g?33Aff?33 faff?ffq faffٔ33ff 34Fgyfff"ٔ@ 33ff L̈́yff!L͟..ٔ? a~ /ff!P2@cmbx8. az3>ple| ƠhLپ.Ygׄ ffh!84)Fff!@TYqTY豆 I&fff!C1^ff! I& ff!\vff!:sfj&A׎:곉fj&A׎ I&ff!Vݟ&j-Vê&j Yffg![fsFUfd,UVZvܠf3> Yfffg(h!jē133ff 34Fgyfff"1@b33ff L̈́yff!L͟..1?~ /ff!z3>na,30gׄ ffh!#ff!@TYqTY豆 I&fff!= ff! I& ff!ff!:sfj&A׎:곉fj&A׎ff!7>/>7>/f3>>i|d?33Aff?33 faff?ffq faffsThisfexamplew!ascoMdedas:`P\def\nbinstruments{4}`\sepbarrules`\generalmeter{\meterC}\relax`\def\oct{\advance\transposeby7\relax}*3ڍJ&42KCHAPTERf2.CPRA!CTICALUSE3ڍ&`P\def\staffspacingii{0.64} `\def\staffspacingiv{0.64}`\cleftoksi{{6}{0}{0}{0}}`\cleftoksii{{0}{0}{0}{0}}`\cleftoksiv{{0}{0}{0}{0}}`\nbporteesi=2\relax`\nbporteesiii=0\relax`%`\debutextrait`\normal\elemskip=0.02\hsize`%Takt9`\Notes\zhlc\raise27pt\qs\quppe|\ds&\oct&X\itenu5h\hlh&gra---&\itenl4h\huh\enotes`\Notes|\ibbl0j3\qb0h\tqb0l\enotes`\Notes|\ibbl1k0\qb1o\qb1h\qb1l\tqb1o\enotes`\temps\Notes\zhlc\raise27pt\qs\quppe|\ds&\oct&X\tten5\ibl4c0\qb4h&&\tten4\ibu5g{-3}\qh5h\enotes`\Notes|\ibbl0j3\qb0h\tqb0l&\oct\qb4a&---&\tqh5a\enotes`\Notes|\ibbl1k0\qb1o\qb1h&\oct\qb4b&ti-&\cub\enotes`\Notes|\qb1l\tqb1o&\oct\tqb4c&a&\cuc\enotes`\barre`%Takt10`\Notes\zhlc\raise27pt\qs\quppd|\ds&\oct&X\qlpd&ple---&\Ilegu4k\ptd\qud\enotes`\Notes|\ibbu1g3\bigaccid\qh1{^f}\tqh1h\enotes`\Notes|\ibbu2i0\qh2k\qh2f\enotes`\Notes|\qh2h\tqh2k&\oct\cle&&\tleg4\cue\enotes`\temps\Notes\zhlc\raise27pt\qs\quppd|\ds&\oct&X\qld&na,&\qud\enotes`\Notes|\ibbu1g3\qh1f\tqh1h\enotes`\Notes|\ibbu2i0\qh2k\qh2f\qh2h\tqh2k&\qp&&\qp\enotes"A2.20,LayoutffparametersqMostla!youtparametersaresetbyMusicT,[wEB XtoreasonabledefaultvdDalues.)However,sophisti-cated scores25 ma!yneedmoreplacebMelowtheloweststa ,"bMetweenstaves,"etc. FWeegivebMe-lo!wfashortlistofthemostsigni cantparameters.R2.20.10ListoflayoutparametersKREMARK/=:/themen!tion\(NOTtobMec!hangednR)"doesnotmeanthatthisparametercan-notDbMec!hanged,butthatitshouldnotbemodi eddirectlye,e.g.b!ysayingsomethinglikeP\interligne=14ptK.Inotherw!ords,changingtheseparametersm!ustbMeperformedusingmorecomprehensiv!efmacroswhichnotonlyupMdatethembutalsoperformsomeothercompulsoryrelatedfc!hanges. wff/4 L͍-=25aWT:oourkno9wledge,themostcomplicatedscoresarethosewrittenforthepiano,duringtheroman9ticand pAost-roman9ticTperiods.+Ġ3ڍJ&K2.20.CLAeYOUTfPARAMETERST433ڍ&P\interligneCnL:Rv!ertical6intervdDalbMetweenlinesinasta ofthecurrentinstrument,takingac- `coun!tfofapMossiblespeci cationofP\staffspacingMrWF(see2.19.2)(KNOTtobec!hangednR)P\InterligneCnL:Rv!ertical7distancebMetweenthebaseofsta linesofthecurrentinstrument,Mtak-`ingaccoun!tofapMossiblespeci cationofP\staffspacingMrYǸ(P\interligneD#isthesizeof`thegblankspacebMet!weenglines;|thedi erencebet!weengthemisthelinethic!knessP\lthick+g)`(KNOTftobMec!hangednR).P\internote=1L:L@thecnv!erticalspacingofcontiguousnotesofthecurrentinstrument,takingac-`coun!t ofapMossiblespeci cationofP\staffspacingMrT׹,#i.e.thehalfofP\Interligne(KNOT`tofbMec!hangednR)P\Internote=1L:L@the ֥v!erticalspacingofcontiguousnotesoftheinstrument(s)whose`P\staffspacingMroUhas!theKdefaultvdDalueD(ofone(1.0).Sincethisdimensionisthesame,Pre-`gardlessoftheactualvdDalueofthesta linespacingofan!yinstrument,׈onlythisvdDalue`shouldAbMeusedtospecifyhorizon!talspacings. UoItshouldbeusedratherthanabso-`lute`dimensionsinPptorPmm,sinceP\InternoteisdulypropMortionaltothegeneralsize`(P\musicsize9|)butnotdepMenden!tonspeci cc!hangesinP\staffspacingMrZ3(KNOTStobe`c!hangednR)P\nullthick=1L:L@reserv!edfheightabMovebaselineforzerosta lines(textofsongs)P\staffbotmargN/L:]marginbMelo!wthe rststa ofthelowestinstrument.bIfnotalreadyassigned`afnonzerodimension,itissettoP\bottomfacteurT!\Interlignefatthenextsystem.P\stafftopmargN/L:]marginfabMo!vetheuppMersta oftheupperinstrumen!t.P\interbeam=1L:L@v!erticalfdistancebMetweenbMeams.P\interporteeI.L:WQthe(4distancebMet!ween(4thebottomofonesta andthebottomofthenextone.`Itfissetto2P\interfacteurJ\internoteatthenextsystem.P\InterporteeI.L:WQthedistancebMet!weenthetopofonesta andthebottomofthenextone.`Re-computedfattheatthenextsystem.P\interinstrument`--L:nthe'additionalv!erticaldistancebMetweentwodi erentinstruments(must`bMepositiv!e, ~otherwiseweirdresultscanhappMen).˱Thismeansthatthedistancebet!ween`theUuppMersta ofthepreviousinstrumen!tandthelowestlineofthecurrentinstrument`isequaltoP\interportee+\interinstrument..ThisvdDalueisnormallyzero,2butithelps`puttingadditionalspacebMet!weendistinctinstrumen!tsforthesakeofclaritye.sThisisa`generaldimensionwhic!hholdsforeachoftheverticalspacesbMetweeninstruments,Eex-`cepttheuppMerone,inwhic!hcasethisintervdDalisirrelevan!t.BHowever,thisparametercan`bMecfo!verriddenforthespaceabMoveaspMeci cinstrument.Feorexample(seetheexample`Pangescao.tex)fonecanstate:3wP\def\interinstrumenti{5pt}`toklforceanadditionalspacingof5pMoin!tsabo!veklinstrumentMi,ܭwhateverthevdDalueof `P\interinstrumentwZ.ThisnfeaturecanusefullybMeusedtoha!venmorespacebeforeinstru-`men!tsrepresentingKvoicess,inordertohaveenoughplacetoputKlyricscwithoutassigning,b3ڍJ&44KCHAPTERf2.CPRA!CTICALUSE3ڍ&`theselyricsazerosta spMeci cinstrumen!t(usefultoavoidhavingtoMomanydeclaredin- `srumen!tsfinachoirscore).P\systemheightN/L:]theLdistancefromthebMottomofthelo!westLsta tothetopofthehighest`sta oftheuppMerinstrumen!t.2\Thisistheheightoftheverticalbars(single,4Edouble,re-`pMeats,fetc.)(KNOTtobec!hangednR).sInQaddition,Lwhenhandlingnotesofagiv!ensta ofagiveninstrument,Lthefollowingdi-mensionsparea!vdDailable(notethesearenottrueregisters,/butKequivalencedsym!bMolsthroughaP\def):lN`P\altitudeSA:the$altitudeofthelo!west$lineofthelo!west$sta ofthecurren!tinstrument`(KNOTftobMec!hangednR).lN`P\altporteeX:thefaltitudeofthelo!westflineofthecurren!tsta (KNOTtobMechangednR).lN`P\stemfactor_\0:aparameterde ningthesizeofhalf,P}!|whic!hupMdatesallpendingslurandtiealtitudesb!ythegiv!enfdimension.ThishasbMeenusedinPpacifiqnandPpacifiqb.sTheuserma!yprefertorede neP\def\bottomfacteurT% orP\def\interfacteurNeatoagivenin!teger*numbMer,ibutthiscanbedoneonlybet!weenaP\suspmorceauLL(oraP\finmorceauBx)andaP\reprmorceauH^(orfaP\debutmorceauNb),butitiswisertouseP\atnextlineFaspreviouslye.sItXisalsowisetouseP\atnextlineHttoc!hangethethenumbMerofinstruments,thesta spacings,"the n!umbMerofsta satthenextline...5providedthatthecoMdingofthenotesKresistsanfunexpMectedlinec!hangeexecutingtheP\atnextlineBⴹ.sInan!ycaseitisagoModideatoloMokattheproceduresP\computewidthsa andP\computespecificse toQNunderstan!twhattheyreallycompute,bRandalsoto ndtheplaceswheretheyfareactuallyin!voked.-@3ڍJ&K2.20.CLAeYOUTfPARAMETERST453ڍ&2.20.30Changingtheverticaldistanceb`etweenconsecutivesystemsIffthishastobMec!hangedonlyonceatthebeginningofapiece,thesimplestistosa!y`P\def\bottomfacteur{8}bMeforeKin!vokingP\debutmorceauJ.NotethatP\bottomfacteurX7isinvokedtocomputethedimen- sionregisterP\staffbotmargQ皹whenev!erthisregistercontainsazerodimension.dThenumbMer(itm!ustfbMeanumbMer)ismultipliedbyP\InterligneFanda ectedtoP\staffbotmargNb.sIfthishastobMec!hangedseveraltimestomeetpagelayoutrequirementswithscoressome-times<{butonlysometimes{goingv!erydeepbMelowthelowessta ofthesystems,qitiswisertofuseP\advancebottomT!,namely:`P\advancebottom{10pt}tofadvdDancethebMottommarginregisterb!ythatdimensionatthenextsystemlinebreak.KREMARK88:8^itisalsopMossibletoc!hangethesystemtopmargin,\i.e.P\stafftopmargS,^Kbet!ween systems.\Changing%topandbMottommarginaddtogetherbutitma!yin uencethepositionofthefwholeinthepages.R2.20.40Changingsta distancewithinsystemsThiscanbMedoneatthebeginningb!ychangingthede nitionofP\interfacteurO&(itisP\definedtoa$n!umbMer)beforethe rstP\debutmorceauMƹ.Butitisalsopossibletogiv!eanewdimensiontothedimensionAregisterP\interporteeK~4and,U`optionallye,toAthedimensionregisterP\interinstrument(seefabMo!ve).2.20.50Changingthenumb`eroflinesinsta sUnlessexplicitelyspMeci ed,sta sconsistof v!elines,inaccordancetothenormalw!ayofcoMd-ingfm!usicscores.However,twoexceptionsmightbMepreferredwhenusingMusicT,[wEB X:lN`Kgregorianfm!usicPjisoftenwritenusingsta offourlinesinsteadof ve,lN`KpMercussion7m!usicy;(e.g.XOdrums,ktriangle)onlyneedsonelinesta s,sincethepitc!hcannot`c!hange.sTherefore,n]since`[itsv!ersion5.00,MusicT,[wEB Xallo!wsforchoMosingthenumbMeroflinesofthesta sofaninstrumen!t.Thisisdonebyde ningthemacroP\stafflinesnbNuMrڹ|whereMristheromann!umeralofthewantedinstrumentasusual|tobMethenumbMeroflinesofthespeci csta .Feorfexample:`P\def\stafflinesii{4}willmak!etheinstrumentnumbMer2(i.e.>Pii)tohavesta soffourlines,9'thatis, tforgrego-rianfm!usic..C3ڍJ&46jKCHAPTERf2.LPRA!CTICALUSE3ڍ&2.20.60ResettingnormallayoutparametersExceptBP\musicsizeBwhic!hBhastobMeexplicitelychangedifneeded,ialllayourregistersarere- setPtodefaultvdDaluesb!yP\resetfacteursXwhichputzerodimensionsintoP\staffbotmargRBandP\stafftopmargJ,]so,thatthenextP\debutmorceauRywillrecomputethem,unlesstheyha!ve,bMeengiv!enfnonzerodimensionsinbMetween.R2.20.70Typ`esettingone-lineexcerptsratherthanlargesscoresVeeryOoften,ywhatisw!antedOisnottot!ypMesetalargecomprehensivescoreofseverallinesandpages,)butanexcerptofoneort!wobars,preferablycen!teredsuchasthevdDariousexamplesofthiseLman!ual.*ThiscanbMedonesimplybyreplacingP\debutmorceauQ:withP\debutextraitN 26ZBandP\finmorceauforP\suspmorceauwithP\finextraitBⴹ.sIfcy!ouwanttoterminateitwithoutabar,TyoucoMdeP\zfinextraitPwhichactslikeP\zsuspmorceau..R2.20.80LyricsLyricsfcanbMein!troducedinsev!eralways: b%1.`Theu rstoneconsistsindedicatingoneinstrumen!twhoseP\nbporteesMrE^iszero.͘Thenthe`textR/ofthelyricsisjustinserted,}!noteb!ynote,b!yinsertingitattherightpMositionbe-`t!ween\P\notes...P\enotes.bThedra!wback\isthatafourv!oicechoirneedseightinstruments`whic!hfmayleadtotroublesifthereisalsoanorchestrascorebMelowthevoices. b%2.`Therefore,another|solutionconsistsinadjustingP\interinstrumentbڹandP\staffbotmarg`togiv!emoreplacebMelowthesonginstruments27 .Thenthetextsofthelyricsareindicated`with7thesongtuneinstrumen!t,MusingP\zcharnote?ڹwithanegativenumericpMositionvdDalue.`Bythew!aye,theP\zcharnotema!yhaveaP\vboxasasecondargument,andthisP\vbox`ma!y containseveralP\hboxesdescribingthetextofthedi erentcouplets(seeexample`PANGESCAO). b%3.`OfeasierusearethecommandsP\zsong(<(righ!tofthenote),P\lsong(c(left)andP\csong(cen-`tered)whic!hpMostthelyricsatthelowersta lineKminus2thepreviousP\interinstrumentawMn`or2theP\staffbotmargS!xquan!titye.kThese2commandsonlyha!ve2oneargumen!t,V namelythe`lyricsftext:"P\zsong{Ktext=P} 5\lsong-q1{KtextP} 5\csong{KtextP}$`Asfanexample,thefollo!wingFerenchsong5TD933ffQffQffQffQffQ933ffff6GLH4OSbEAuY/yff!OgbEclairm/yff!O{bEde/yff!ObEla/yff!J?33ffffO alu-s-yff"O&cne,,s/yff"B&j?33ffff Q3O amons-yff!Oaa-$s-yff!O2ami8s-yff!OFaPier-Ls-yff!Z&f?33ffff Q4O arot, a#?33ffff`w!asfcoMdedas:ffff/4 L͍-=26adExtraitDEWisTtheF:renc9hwordfordexcerpt.W. -=27aWBew9areofashiftofonepAosition,Isince^\intersinstrumentX5" cmmi9XrҍWindicatestheinterv|raldabAoveWtheXrAW-thinstrument./Ƞ3ڍJ&K2.21.COTHERfSPECIALORNAMENTSʹ473ڍ&96P\generalsignature{1} 96\def\nbinstruments{1}96\debutextrait96\NOtes\zsong{Au}\qug\enotes96\NOtes\zsong{clair}\qug\enotes96\NOtes\zsong{de}\qug\enotes96\NOtes\zsong{la}\quh\enotes96\barre96\NOTes\zsong{lu-}\hui\enotes96\NOTes\zsong{ne,}\huh\enotes96\barre96\NOtes\zsong{mon}\qug\enotes96\NOtes\zsong{a-}\qui\enotes96\NOtes\zsong{mi}\quh\enotes96\NOtes\zsong{Pier-}\quh\enotes96\barre96\NOTes\zsong{rot,}\whg\sk\enotes96\finextrait"A2.21,Otherffsps3ecialornamentsqSince the rstreleaseofMusicT,[wEB X,4man!yusershaveeitheraskedfornewfeaturesofpropMosedtheiro!wnproMcedurestobeincludedinMusicT,[wEB X.Someofthemha!vebeenaddedbecauseoftheirZhighutilit!ye,%someothershavebMeenleftasideforseveralreasons.Themajorreasonfornotcincludingman!ypropMosalsintheMusicT,[wEB Xreleaseisthat{atleastonmanycomputersandespMeciallyPC's{theT,[wEB Xmemoryislimitedto65000\w!ords".ThisisaveryrestrictedvdDalueKwhic!hcausesmanytrialstoexceedthecapacityofT,[wEB X(unlessusing\bigT,[wEX").There-fore,onlythepropMosedmacrosofv!erygeneralusecanbein!troducedinthereleaseasastan-dardZ!andtheusersaresuggestedtotak!etheirspMeci cproceduresandincludethem(directlyofb!yfmeansofanP\input)intheirownsourcecoMde.sThisI:isparticularlyvdDalidforpMeoplewhow!antI:tot!ypesetKbaroqueAm!usicusingtheancientKornamen!tcoMdingsUratherthanthemodernequivdDalen!ts.Asacompromise,somemacroskindlypro!vided'byIanRCollierinGreatBritainhaveslightlybMeenupdatedandpro!videdinasepa-ratef lenamedPmusicext.tex.sFeorfexample,brac!ketsfcanbMeproduced:5TDȹ33ff?fVff?fVff?fVff?fVff?fVȹ33ffffGЈfgffs2ff*YffR@ff&qff* ۄffPEffٯff *ff N㦃ff ff *sWff LY„ff @,ff *&ff J ffjff*ԄffH>ff⦨ff*ffFs|ffYff*@QffD&ff %ff*ffBffcff*̈́ff@7ffsff*Z ff>@vff&ff* Jff<ffff*ff:ff\ff*sƄff8Z1ff @ff!*'ff!6 off"لff#*Cff#4ff$ޟߧff%*ߍff%2sff&ܟZVff'*@ff'2ff(3)fgffyfff! yfff!yfff!-?33ffff"A2.22,Theffh߆Tff cmtt12hmusicstymacrosqThisf leismadefornonT,[wEB XpMertsand/orlazyscoret!ypesetters.Itpro!videslN`afsetoffon!tde nitionsofcommonuse,suchasP\tenrm,P\eightrm,etc.,03ڍJ&48KCHAPTERf2.CPRA!CTICALUSE3ڍ&lN`ahWreasonablesettingofP\hsize%S,tP\vsize%,tP\hoffset1r,tP\voffset4gdimensionsinordertoha!ve `afgoModla!yout forEuropMeanA4paper28.lN`afsetoftextsizecommands:`P\eightpoint`whic!hfsetstheusualP\rmd,P\bf,P\sl,P\itʹcommandsto8pMoin!tfontsize;.`P\tenpointTwhic!hfsetstheusualP\rmd,P\bf,P\sl,P\itʹcommandsto10pMoin!tfontsize;`P\twlpointTtofget12pMoin!tfontsize;`P\frtpointTtofget14.4pMoin!tfontsize;`P\svtpointTtofget17.28pMoin!tfontsize;`P\twtypointZVBtofget20.74pMoin!tfontsize;`P\twfvpointZVBtofget24.88pMoin!tfontsize;lN`afsetofcommandstomak!eeasypiecetitles:.'L{3wP\author_orP\fullauthorGB.tobMeputattherigh!tofthe rstpage,belo!wthetitleof 3wthefpiece;thecallingsequenceis,forexample:XdP5bP\author{DanielTAUPIN\\organiste\`aGif-sur-Yvette}3wwhereftheP\\mak!estheauthornamedisplayedontwoorseverallines..'L{3wP\shortauthor|ntofbMeputatthebottomofeac!hpage,'L{3wP\fulltitlepwhic!hfisthebigmaintitleofthepiece,'L{3wP\subtitlejpisfdispla!yedbMelowthemaintitleofthepiece,'L{3wP\shorttitlevYĹorfP\title)ȹwhic!hfisthetitlerepMeatedatthebottomofeac!hpage,'L{3wP\othermentionwhic!hX isdisplayedontheleftofthepage,vinfrontoftheauthor's 3wnamef(itma!ycontainseveralP\\todisplayitonseverallines,'L{3wP\maketitlepwhic!hfdisplaysallthepreviousstu ..lN`Somefadditionalcommandstomak!eKfoMotnotess.Thesecommandsare'L{3wThe?normalPlain-T,[wEB XP\footnote;xcommandwhic!hhastwoarguments|notonly3woneƞasinLAGT,[wEB X|namelythelabMelofthefootnote,άi.e.>an!ysequenceofcharacters3wandfnotonly gures,andthetextofthefoMotnote.Xd3wKIMPOReTANT:/theP\footnoteKcommanddoMesnotw!orkinsidebo!xes29 K,/thereforethis3wcommand)m!ustnotbMeissuedwithinmusic.&Butanotheralternatefeatureispro-3wvidedf(seebMelo!w)..'L{3wThe P\Footnote; command,whic!h countsthefoMotnotesandusesanumbMerasthela-3wbMelofthefootnote(equivdDalen!ttoLAGT,[wEB X'sP\footnotecommand)._Thesamerestric-3wtionfappliesconcerningfoMotnoteswithinthem!usiccoding.'L{3wTheeP\vfootnote@HRcommand,rtak!enefromthePlain-T,[wEB X,whic!hmakesthefoMotnoteit-3wselfcandP\reprmorceauorequivdDalen!tcom-G mands.vBsNotefthatPmusicstyshouldnotbMeusedwithLAGT,[wEB X."o2.23,Abnormalffmusiccos3ding2.23.10GregorianchantGregoriang^c!hantisoftencoMdedusingfourlinesta s(seesection2.20.5)andusingspecialnotes(calledKneumess)whic!haredescribMedinsection2.18.3.ButthegregorianchantalsoneedsaspMe-cialIKaltoclefĹwhic!hisinfacttheancesterofthemoMdernaltoclef.LThegregorianKaltoclefcanbMefin!vokedinsteadofthemoMdernonebyre-declaringtheP\clefdut1MrDmacro.Thus/`P\def\clefdutiv{\gclefdut}willI{causetheinstrumen!tnumbMer4(i.e.Piv)toexhibitagregorianCIdclefwheneverthevdDalueof P\cleftoskivreferstoanaltoclef._ThemoMdernaltoclefcanberestoredforthatinstrumen!tby:`P\def\clefdutiv{\clefdutsymbol}Aۍ2.23.20Musicscorewithoutclefsorwithsp`ecialclefsRegardless*Oofthen!umbMer*Ooflinesofthesta s,C aninstrumen!tmayhavenoclefs,C e.g.forKpMercus-sionH m!usic$butalsoforanyweirdpurpMose.pThisdonebydeclaringsomeofthefollowingitems:vBsP\def\clefdesol9|MrMP{\relax}s\def\clefdut-PMrMP{\relax}s\def\clefdefa3MrMP{\relax}sA!t rstsight,HitcouldbMethoughttobMesillytocanceltheGclef,HtheCclefand/ortheFcleftoha!veanempt!yclefsymbMol.Butthereasonisthattheabsenceofclefsdoesnotmeanthat\def\instrumenti{keyboard}\def\instrumentii{drum}\def\instrumentiii{monks}\def\stafflinesnbii{1} T\def\stafflinesnbiii{4}\generalsignature{0}\generalmeter{\relax}\signi=-1\relaxD%oneflatatkeyboard\nbporteesi=2\relax%2staffsatkeyboard\cleftoksi={6000}\cleftoksiii={3000}\cleftoksii={1000}\def\clefdutiii{\gclefdut}%gregorianCclefatinstrumentiii\def\clefdutii{\drumclefsymbol}>%cancelCclefatinstrumentii\def\interinstrumentii{-4\Interligne}%lessspacingabovedrum\normal\debutextrait\Notes\huF|\zhc\huh&\diamw0&\carrg{acd}\enotes\NOtes\quI|\zqN\qud&\diamg0&\diamgf\enotes\NOtes\quJ|\zqa\que&\diamg0&\diamge\enotes\notes\huG|\zhb\hud&\zshaker3\diamw{00}&\zcarrgd\carqgg\carrg{hgh}\enotes\finextrait9sInfthesamew!aye,fapMossibleviolinscorewithKharmonicnotes(see2.18.5)couldbe:=6f333ff]ff]⡉ff]⡉ff]⡉ff]⎎333ffff0{GEU2J߀2TTR_Ն33ff 3434L"L̈́,ffΟ"uT!{o ?ffΟ ff!ʟ ! ?ffΟ㙢fj*3'ff!"I?33ffff Q2 as-yffΟ"&c30B&j?33ffffٔ33ff 3434L"34,g,fff"b!b&ff@T $?ffT!@T!!ff@T㙢35fj*fZ$?ffT!V&W?33ffff as-yffΟ"&c30?33ffffsItfw!ascoMdedasfollows:9`P\def\nbinstruments{1}\nbporteesi=1\relax`\generalsignature{-2}\generalmeter{\allabreve}\cleftoksi={0000}`\normal`\debutextrait`\NOtes\zdo\zhd\huh\enotes`\Notes\ibu0k0\zqg\yh0k\qh0j\zqe\yh0i\tbu0\qh0j\enotes`\barre`\NOTes\zdg\huk\enotes33ڍJ&K2.23.CABNORMALfMUSICCODING513ڍ&`P\NOTes\hpause\enotes `\barre`\NOtes\zdo\zhd\hlh\enotes`\Notes\ibl0b0\zqg\yb0k\qb0j\zqe\yb0i\tbl0\qb0j\enotes`\barre`\NOTes\zdg\huk\enotes`\NOTes\hpause\enotes`\finextraitR2.23.30Usualp`ercussionmusicBesides!singlepMercussionscoresusuallywrittenusingone-linesta s,;percussionm!usicinvolvingsev!eralinstrumentsisoftenwritenon ve-linesta swithaKdrumclef{, #wheretheinstrumentsarescdistinguishedb!ythetypMeofthenoteheadsandtheapparentpitchofthenoteonthesta .Weefgiv!eanexample|kindlyprovidedbyAgustiRMarEtӟfin"Domingo:=򍍍 8B33ffCffCffCffCffC 8B33ffff BM׍" q4 " q4.R?33ff33ffff`~&ayfff!f>ffچf ff5 ff5/&Y'/&Yyfff!߆f!ff߆fffΟ5㙢sfj*3' ff5K&Qyfff!f>ffچf ff5 ff5g&I'g&Iyfff!߆f!ff߆fffΟ5㙢sfj*3' ff5F?33ffff ayfff!f>ffچf ff' ff'&Y5&Yyfff!߆f!ff߆fffΟ'㙢sfj*3' ff'BQyfff!f>ffچf ff' ff'^I5^Iyfff!߆f!ff߆fffΟ'㙢sfj*3' ff'z&F?33ffff ayfff!f>ffچf ff& ff&&Y&&Yyfff!߆f!ff߆fffΟ'㙢sfj*3' ff&BQyfff!f>ffچf ff& ff&^I&^Iyfff!߆f!ff߆fffΟ'㙢sfj*3' ff&z&F~?33ffff&b33ffsItsfcoMdingw!as:`P\begin{music}`\def\nbinstruments{1}\generalsignature{0}\def\stafflinesbi{5}`\generalmeter{\meterfrac44}`\cleftoksi={0000}\def\clefdesoli{\drumclefsymbol}`\normal`\debutextrait`\leftrepeat`\Notes\zqlf\rlap{\soupir}\ibu0m0\xh0{nn}\enotes`\Notes\zkd\zqlf\zqj\xh0n\tbu0\xh0n\enotes`\Notes\zqlf\rlap{\soupir}\ibu0m0\xh0{nn}\enotes`\Notes\zkd\zqlf\zqj\xh0n\tbu0\xh0n\enotes`\barre`\Notes\zqlf\rlap{\soupir}\ibu0m0\kh0{nn}\enotes`\Notes\zxd\zqlf\zqj\kh0n\tbu0\kh0n\enotes`\Notes\zqlf\rlap{\soupir}\ibu0m0\kh0{nn}\enotes`\Notes\zxd\zqlf\zqj\kh0n\tbu0\kh0n\enotes`\barre`\Notes\zqlf\rlap{\soupir}\ibu0m0\oxh0{nn}\enotes`\Notes\zoxd\zqlf\zqj\kh0n\tbu0\oxh0n\enotes`\Notes\zqlf\rlap{\soupir}\ibu0m0\oxh0{nn}\enotes`\Notes\zoxd\zqlf\zqj\kh0n\tbu0\oxh0n\enotes`\setrightrepeat\finextrait`\end{music}sTeofusethesedi eren!tnoteheads,onemust4+B3ڍJ&52KCHAPTERf2.CPRA!CTICALUSE3ڍ&lN`either xincludeaspMeci cpercussion lenamelyPmusicper.texaftertheusual `P\inputmusictexforin!vokeftheLAGT,[wEB Xst!yleoptionPmusicper;lN`usespMecialmacronamestoreplacetheusualellipticbac!knoteheadwitheitheradouble`sharpfsignorwitha+.Thesemacrosare:'L{3wP\zxD,CP\xuA,CP\xup,CP\xupp"y,CP\xl,CP\xlp,CP\xlpp"y,CP\xh,CP\xb,CP\zx,CP\xcu,CP\xcup"y,CP\xcupp(9?,3wP\xccuP5b,%P\xcccu&^!,%P\xccccu,˹,%P\xcl͹,%P\xclp w,%P\xclpp,%P\xccl,%P\xcccl*2andԙP\xccccl,?,%whic!h3wbMeha!ve~exactlylik!eP\zq,P\qu,P\qup,P\qupp,P\ql,P\qlp,P\qlpp,P\qh,P\qb,P\zq,P\cu,3wP\cup,0P\cupp,P\ccu,P\cccu,P\ccccu,P\cl,P\clp,P\clpp,P\ccl,P\cccl̢andP\ccccl,0ex-3wceptfthatthenoteheadis+5 L˹insteadof!.'L{3wP\zoxJu,P\oxu(,P\oxup ҹ,P\oxupp&h|,P\oxl,P\oxlp,P\oxlpp&h|,P\oxh,P\oxb,P\zx)~,P\oxcu,P\oxcup&h|,3wP\oxcupp[,P\oxccu'=,P\oxcccu,,P\oxccccu26,P\oxcl!~8,P\oxclp,P\oxclpp,P\oxccl,P\oxcccl3wandfP\oxccccl1,ftogetanoteheadof+& L˹insteadof!.'L{3wP\zkD,zP\kux,zP\kup",zP\kupp̹,zP\kl,zP\klp,zP\klpp̹,zP\kh,zP\kb,zP\zk,zP\kcu,zP\kcup̹,zP\kcupp%Vv,zP\kccu,3wP\kcccuU ,P\kccccu,=_,P\kcla,P\kclp ,P\kclpp&},P\kccl,P\kcccl*kandP\kccccl,+,togetanote3wheadfof+' L˹insteadof+!."A2.24,Wfritingffyourownmacros:32theh\catcodeproblemsqAsOseenbMefore,theP\catcodes:јoftheP|andP&sym!bolsaremodi edb!yMusicT,[wEB X,intherangeof8theactualscoresbutnomore30 8inthewholeoftheT,[wEB Xsource.@Th!us,Nifyoude neyourownmacrosCtomak!eyourwritingeasier,WuyouarelikelytoinvoketheP|orP&symbMolsinapartoftextwhereftheirP\catcode1sarenotcorrectlyset.Thisma!yresulttypicallyinadiagnosticlike:sP!Misplacedalignmenttabcharacter&.wheny!ouattempt,nottode ne,buttousey!ourmacrousingtheP&symbMoltochangethein-strumen!t.'SmartJT,[wEB XersknowthattheP\catcode2GϹsareattachedtothecharactersKwhentheyare,inputiandnotwhentheyareused;Uoth!usyoumustbMesurethatP|andP&havethecorrectMu-sicT,[wEB XfP\catcode5Jwhenfthemacroisde ned,whic!hmaywelloMccuroutsidetheactualscore.sIt@Disalsow!orthpMointingoutthatthesameproblemmayoMccurwithotherpunctuationmarkslik!e\P<",#\P>",\P^,etc.,iftheirP\catcode5cJhasbMeenchangedbysomeothersetofmacros,lik!efPfrench.sty."A2.25,MusiclaTL32EdX2.25.10The<߆T cmtt12musictex.stystyleAssaidbMefore,!theamoun!tofmemoryandregistersusedbyMusicT,[wEB Xmakesithardlycompat-ible-withLAGT,[wEB X.tHo!wever,ONicolas-RBrouardsucceededinbuildingaPmusictex.stywhic!hisno!wincludedinthedistribution.zThisisnotrecommendedtomakeseparatemusicscores.zItspurpMosebisrathertopro!videameansofinsertingshortmusicalexcerptsinbMooksborarticleswrit-teng withLAGT,[wEB X.ȿThen,stheP\documentstyleWIdcommandshouldincludePmusictexintheoptions.sThenLAGT,[wEB Xst!yle lePmusictex.stysimplyP\inputsthefollowing les(inthatveryorder):lN`Pmusicpre.tex Uff/4 L͍-=30aWSinceTv9ersion4.99.58ܠ3ڍJ&K2.26.CIMPLEMENTeATIONfANDRESTRICTIONSxʹ533ڍ&lN`Pmusicnft.texlN`Pmusictex.texlN`Pmusicvbm.texlN`Pmusicpos.texsInOthecaseofaLAGT,[wEB Xuserw!antingOtouseacciden!taltranspMositionfacilities,zheshould in!vokefPmusictrpintheoptionsoftheP\documentstyleWcommand.sInncaseofPTeXcapacityexceeded...,yusena\BiglaT,[wEB X"(afterc!heckingnthereisnovis-ibleferrorinthesourcecoMde).R2.25.20WidemusicinLAl#׾A~/TESXAnotherdicult!yappMearswithLAGT,[wEB X:internalLAGT,[wEB Xmacroshandlethepagesizeinawaywhic!h:VisnotsuppMosedtobec!hangedwithinagivendoMcument.ThismeansthattexthorizontalandB v!erticalsizesaresomewhatfrozensothatonecanhardlyinsertpiecesofmusicofpagesizedi eren!txPfromthesizespMeci edbytheLaTeeXxEKstyle.΀AlthoughaKlargemusic"ThasbMeenprovided,the?maindra!wback?isanunpredictablebMeha!viouroftopandbottomprin!touts,especiallypagen!umbMerings.sIfthewholeofadoMcumen!thaswidepages,:itcanbehaddledwiththePa4widest!yleop-tion,foran!yderivdDateofit.R2.25.30The\catcodeproblemsTheTsPmusicpos.tex lemerelyo!verridesTstheP\catcode1QùsoftheP|andP&sym!bMolswhicharemoMdi- ed|b!yMusicT,[wEB X.TeohaveaccesstothesesymbMolswhencodingm!usic,onshouldthenenclosethe!scoresorexcerptswithinP\begin{music}andP\end{music}.ButthereisalsoanotherpMos-sibilit!ye,fi.e.tosayP\nextinstrument]¹insteadofP&andP\nextstaff@pinsteadofP|.sAnotherproblemcomesfromthePfrench.stywrittenb!yBernardRGaullewhichisthestandardIndesperatesituations,9&w!e6K3ڍJ&54KCHAPTERf2.CPRA!CTICALUSE3ڍ&recommend usingthe\BigT,[wEB X"proMcessorswhic!h,#unfortunatelye,perform agreatdealofdisk input/outputsf(onPCswithi286proMcessors)whic!hmakethemawfullyslow31 .sInGparticular,?then!umbMerGofregistersitusesandtheamoun!tofmemoryusedbyLAGT,[wEB Xmacrosfmak!esitdoubtfullycompatiblewithLAGT,[wEB X,unlessusingBigLAT,[wEB X.sOtherZprecautionsarenecessary:FbMew!areofend-of-linespaces; theycorruptlayoutandma!y3causeunwantedlinebreakingsafterwhichmusicsymbMolsseemtoK oat3intheairwithoutsta s.ǜTeoca!voidthat,pitisrecommendedtouseP\relax)EBratherthanP%attheendofsourcelines.>ff/4 L͍-=31aWUsingTi386ori486proAcessors,thisproblemdisappearswiththespeci cv9ersionof^emTeX7Y3ڍJ&3ڍ&UChapter 32Installation:3.1$cGettingffthestu qAs~/seenbMefore, allthe lesarea!vdDailableatKanonymousftp0Prsovax.lps.u-psud.fr (193.55.39.100)#&inthedirectory1*P[anonymous.musictex],=fwhic!hcanmoreeasilybMereachedus-ingfthesimplecommandsPcdmusictexsThisdirectorynormallycon!tainsPmusictex.zipwhichcontainsallthedistributionforPC0b(MS-DOS)computers.This0isonlyforPftp-ingcon!venience0sinceallsource lesaredirectlya!vdDailable"=inthesamedirectorye.QbInadditionasetofexamples(i.e.the leswhosenamedoMesnotbMeginwith\Pmusic")ispac!kedintoPmusicexa.zip,*iandPrecueil.zipcontainsthezippMedD!VIsNxofalargesubsetoftheexamples.FinallythePKNM lesofspMeci cfontsareprovidedinPmusicpk.zip;gettingOthis leisuselessify!ouareabletoPmetafontthe leswhoseP*.mfarepro!videdfinthemainpackdDage.sTheVMS lesarealsopac!kedintoPmusictex.bck.CNotwithstandingthefactthat lesarefpac!kedtogetherornot,the lesprovidedareoftwokinds: W b%1.`thefbasic les;-捍 b%2.`thefexample les.sAllyKbasic les.areeitheroftheformPmusic*.*(excludingofcourseP*.zipandP*.bck), Pbeamn*.*fandPslurn*.*.Other les(P*.texorP*.dvi)areexample les.sKFeon!tsgare2providedasP*.mf lesbutalsoasP*.tfmandP*.pk lesfor300dpiprintersorpreview!ers.0Additional`vdDaluesofthedpiparameterarealsoprovidedinPmusicpk.zip.0NormallyneededMQfon!tsarePmusikn20,_"Pmusikn16,Pmusikn13,Pmusikn11,PmusicbraMQorPmusicbrb2,_"Pbeamn20,Pbeamn16,fPbeamn13,Pbeamn11,Pslurn20andPslurn16.!ʍ3.2$cInstallingffthefontsqQA\lFl& les|withtheextensionP.tfm3uha!ve|tobMecopiedinthesamedirectoryastheotherP.tfm's.Then,fify!ougettheerrormessage:‰ff/4 L͍ {-=1ab- cmcsc10bunixWaddictswhouldbAew9arethatthisprimaryserverisanoldMicroV:axruntheVMSsystem.Therefore theTbrac9ketsinthedirectorynamearecompulsory:,notoptional.  {-=2a^musicbraTWand^musicbrbWexhibitsomedra9wingdi erences,dbuttheymeetthesamepurpAoseoftypingdpianobraces\W. {-=3aWTuAEXTfon9tmetric 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V:eryoftentheformatlessTuAEXisinvokedby^virtexWratherthan^texWwhich alreadyTin9vokesadefaultplainformat.9i3ڍJ&K3.3.CBUILDINGfAF!ORMAeT(e573ڍ&3.3.2)@Startingfromyourusualplainformat b%1.`First,|tryto nd|ony!ourfavouritesystem|whetherPtexisanexecutableroutine,|or `afPtex.batcommandinMS-DOSoraKshellproMcedureunderRunix. b%2.`IfPtexisacommandtryto ndthe\initex"loMcalcommand:sFusuallyitiseitherPinitex`orfPtex-i. b%3.`Teryfto ndthenameofthe\plainT,[wEB X"format(usuallypMostedwhenT,[wEXingan!ything. b%4.`Then,Qmutatis$mutandis,assuming2the\initex"commandhasthenamePinitexandthe`\plainfT,[wEB X"formatisPplain,runtheshellcommand:`Pinitex T\&plainmusictex.ins`whic!hr-willproMduceaformat lePmusictex.fmtwhichyoushallputinthesamedirectory `as rtheothersformats(hopingy!ouhavetheaccessrights...).Note,"5inRunixsystems,the`bac!kslash$bMeforetheP&whichtellsthesystemtoconsiderthischaracterasamembMerof`theh\command,notabatc!hexecutionindication.#Oncethisisdone,y!oucanMusicT,[wEB X`an!yfscoreyouhavewrittenusingacommandsuchas:`Ptex\&musictexmy-score.tex`thatfis,spMecifyingy!ournewformatPmusictex.fmtinsteadoftheusualPplain.fmt.`FeorfMS-DOS/PemTeXuserstheformatbuildingcommandis:`Ptex386-i&plainmusictex.ins`(y!oufcanchangePplainintoPdc-plainoranyotherplain-likeformatyouhave)then:`Pcopymusictex.fmt\emtex\btexfmts\*.*`andfthePmusictex.batcommandcanbMe3wPifexist%1.texgototex 3wgotoend3w:tex3wtex386-mt20000&musictex%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%93w:end:w 3ڍJ&3ڍ&UChapter 42Index3ڍ7&6]&LSymtbYols *f:22&f:53P|f:53B|LAa4widef:53P\absoluteaccidentalsf:24P\activef:9acutefaccen!t:23P\advancebottomf:44,45P\alalignef:28,29,31,32,35P\alapagef:29,31,35P\allabrevef:12P\altitudef:44altofclef:12,30,49P\altporteef:44anon!ymousfftp:55P\arpeggiof:34P\atnextlinef:35,44P\authorf:48P\autolinesf:6,14,27{29,35,36BLBP\backturnf:34barfn!umbMering:27P\barnof:28baroMquef:47P\barref:26,27,29,32,36basicf les:55bassfclef:12,30bMeamsf:7,11,30,36P\begin{music}f:13P\bff:48BigT,[wEB Xf:28,547&P\bigaccidf:23 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P\Changecontextf:29,31P\changecontextf:29,31,32P\changesignaturef:29P\charnotef:33c!hordsf:11,16P\clf:15,39cleffd'ut:12,30cleffdefa:12,30cleffdesol:12,30P\clefdefaf:49P\clefdefasymbolf:49P\clefdesolf:49P\clefdesolsymbolf:49P\clefdutf:49P\clefdutsymbolf:49clefsf(empt!y):49P\cleftoksMrD:12,f29,30,35P\cleftoksif:12P\cNaf:24P\cnaf:23P\codaf:33P\computespecificsf:41,44P\computewidthsf:44P\cShf:24P\cshf:23P\csongf:46P\cuf:15,39֍Bq6LDP\dccuf:40P\dclf:40P\dcuf:40P\dcupf:40P\debutextraitf:46,53P\debutmorceauf:13,28,32,44{46,49,53P\DEPf:35P\dFlf:24P\dflf:22,24P\diamgf:39P\diamwf:40P\dimenf:10distributionf:9P\documentstylef:52,53dpif:55drumfclef:49P\drumclefsymbolf:49&P\dsf:21 P\dShf:24P\dshf:22,24P\dsoupirf:21P64LEEgler,fA.:10,34P\eightpointf:48P\ejectf:28P\elemskipf:6,13,14,27emT,[wEB Xf:54P\endcatcodesmusicf:53P\etroitf:13P\everystafff:24,35P\exhpausef:21P\expausef:217 LFFeaur"De,fG.:66fermataf:35P\finextraitf:46,53P\finmorceauf:29,32,44,53P\finrightrepeatf:32P\Flf:24P\flf:22,24 atsf:12fon!tsf:55P\Footnotef:48P\footnotef:48foMotnotesf:48formatf:56frenc!h.styf:52,53P\freqbarnof:28P\frtpointf:48fullfrest:21P\fullauthorf:48P\fulltitlef:486XWLGGaulle,fB.:53generalfsta size:41P\generalmeterf:12P\generalsignaturef:8,12,24,29gluef:9,26GounoMd,fC.:41,66gra!vefaccent:23P\grclf:39P\grcuf:39<#3ڍJ&60IKCHAPTERf4.CINDEX3ڍ&gregorianfm!usic:39,45,49 Cguillemetsf:53GUTeen!bMergf:53GB`WLHhalffrest:21harmonicfnotes:50Ha!ydn,fJ.:38P\hbf:20P\hboxf:27P\hfilf:27P\hhf:20P\hlf:14{16,22P\hoffsetf:48,65P\hpausef:21P\hrulef:10,27P\hsf:21P\hsizef:14,48P\hskipf:21P\huf:15,22P\huitsoupirf:21P\hupf:17DLIP\Ibbbbblf:21P\ibbbbblf:18P\Ibbbbbuf:21P\ibbbbbuf:18P\Ibbbblf:21P\ibbbblf:18P\Ibbbbuf:21P\ibbbbuf:18P\Ibbblf:21P\ibbblf:18P\Ibbbuf:21P\ibbbuf:18P\Ibblf:21P\ibblf:18P\Ibbuf:21P\ibbuf:18P\Iblf:21P\iblf:18,19P\Ibuf:21P\ibuf:18P\Ileglf:25,26P\ileglf:25P\Ileguf:25,26P\ileguf:25&INITEXf:56 P\inputf:65instrumen!tf:12instrumen!tfnumbMer:8P\instrumentMrD:13P\interbeamf:43,44P\interfacteurf:43{45P\interinstrumentf:43,45,46P\Interlignef:43{45P\interlignef:43P\Internotef:43P\internotef:43P\Interporteef:43P\interporteef:43,45P\interportee+\interinstrumentf:43P\Invertslurf:26P\itf:48P\ITenlf:25P\Itenlf:25P\itenlf:25P\ITenuf:25P\Itenuf:25P\itenuf:25 6ZLKP\kbf:52P\kcccclf:52P\kccccuf:52P\kccclf:52P\kcccuf:52P\kcclf:52P\kccuf:40,52P\kclf:40,52P\kclpf:52P\kclppf:52P\kcuf:40,52P\kcupf:40,52P\kcuppf:52P\kernf:21P\khf:52P\klf:52P\klpf:52P\klppf:52P\kuf:52P\kupf:52P\kuppf:52=Р3ڍJ&613ڍ&C#LL P\largef:13largem!usicf:53P\larpeggiof:34LAGT,[wEB Xf:13LAGT,[wEB Xf:48,53P\lcharnotef:33P\ldflf:22P\ldshf:22P\leadersf:9P\leftrepeatf:32P\leftrepeatsymbolf:31,32P\leftrightrepeatf:32P\leftrightrepeatsymbolf:31legalf:48P\lflf:22P\lhf:16P\lhlf:16P\lhuf:16P\liftslurf:26P\lnaf:22P\lowersonginstrumf:13P\Lpincef:34P\lppzf:35P\lpzf:34P\lqf:16P\lqlf:16P\lquf:16P\lsff:34P\lshf:22P\lsongf:46P\lstf:35P\lthickf:43P\lwf:16lyricsf:12,43,46,53֍A?LMP\maketitlef:48P\maxbarsinlinef:29P\maxlinesinpagef:29meterf:6,12P\meterCf:12P\metertoksMif:12P\metronf:34P\midtwotextf:33Mitc!hell,fR.:10P\mordantf:34&Mozartf:7 CMS-DOSf:55m!usicadd.texf:11m!usicnft.texf:11m!usicpMerf:52m!usicpMer.styf:52m!usicpMer.texf:52P\musicsizef:11,41,43,46m!usictex.bMckf:55m!usictex.styf:52m!usictex.texf:11m!usictex.zipf:55m!usictrpf:53MusiXT,[wEB Xf:10,22,27MuVT,[wEB Xf:10G6\ޠ3ڍJ&62IKCHAPTERf4.CINDEX3ڍ&P\octlinef:24 P\octsupf:24P\offf:22ornamen!tfcoMdings:47ornamen!tsf:37P\othermentionf:48P\oxbf:52P\oxcccclf:52P\oxccccuf:52P\oxccclf:52P\oxcccuf:52P\oxcclf:52P\oxccuf:40,52P\oxclf:40,52P\oxclpf:52P\oxclppf:52P\oxcuf:40,52P\oxcupf:40,52P\oxcuppf:52P\oxhf:52P\oxlf:52P\oxlpf:52P\oxlppf:52P\oxuf:52P\oxupf:52P\oxuppf:52֍BLPP\parindentf:13P\PAUSef:21P\PAusef:21P\pausef:21P\PEDf:35pMercussionfm!usic:40,45,49phrasingfslurs:9pianofbraces:55P\Pincef:34P\pincef:34P\Pincenef:34P\Pincenwf:34P\Pinceswf:34pizzicatof:34P\pointdorguef:35P\pointdurguef:35pMort"Deesf:12pMortatof:35P\ptMpf:17&punctumf:39P6}LQ P\qbf:18,22P\qhf:14,18,22P\qhpf:17P\qhppf:17P\qlf:15P\qlpf:17P\qlppf:17P\qqsf:21P\qsf:21P\qskf:22,34P\quf:14,15P\quartsoupirf:21P\qupf:17P\quppf:17P\qupppf:176FLRraggedflines:9P\raggedlinestruef:27P\raisef:21relativ!efaccidentals:8P\relativeaccidentalsf:24P\relaxf:54repMeatedfpatterns:20P\reprmorceauf:29,32,44,49P\resetfacteursf:46P\rhf:16P\rhlf:16P\rhuf:16P\rightrepeatf:32P\rightrepeatsymbolf:31rimshotf:40P\rmf:48P\rofff:16,22P\rqf:16P\rqlf:16P\rquf:16P\rwf:167P7LSP\saveclefsf:30sa!vesetsf:9Sc!hofer,fA.:10P\segnof:33P\seizsoupirf:21?Ƞ3ڍJ&633ڍ&P\sepbarrulesf:28 XP\setdoublebarf:29P\setleftrepeatf:32P\setleftrightrepeatf:32P\Setprimavoltaf:33P\setprimavoltaf:32P\setrightrepeatf:32P\Setsecondavoltaf:33P\setsecondavoltaf:32sforzandof:34P\Shf:24P\shf:22,24shak!erf:40P\shakerf:40sharpsf:12P\shortauthorf:48P\shorttitlef:48P\signMnf:24signaturesf:11P\signiif:8sizesf:11P\skf:15,21{23P\slf:48P\smallaccidf:23P\smalldFlf:24P\smalldShf:24P\smallFlf:24P\smallflf:23P\smallNaf:24P\smallnotesizef:37P\smallShf:24P\smallshf:23P\soupirf:21spacingf:5spacingfnote:14staccatof:35sta fsize:41P\staffbotmargf:43{46P\stafflinesnbf:45P\staffspacingMrD:41,f43P\stafftopmargf:43,45,46standardfm!usicalnotation:4P\stdbarrulesf:28Stein!bach,fA.:10P\stemfactorf:44stemsf:11st!ylef:53&P\subtitlef:48 P\Suspmorceauf:29P\suspmorceauf:29,32,44,49,53P\svtpointf:48P\systemheightf:44&6LTtabulationf:53P\tbbbbblf:19P\tbbbbbuf:19P\tbbbblf:19P\tbbbbuf:19P\tbbblf:19P\tbbbuf:19P\tbblf:19P\tbbuf:19P\tblf:18P\tbuf:18,19P\tempsf:23,26,27tenorfviolinclef:35P\tenpointf:48tiesf:9,25P\tinynotesizef:37P\titlef:48P\tlegf:25,26P\transposef:8,23,24P\tremolordf:40P\Trillef:34P\trillef:34P\ttenf:25P\turnf:34P\twfvpointf:48P\twlpointf:48P\twtypointf:48&6jLUP\upperflf:23P\uppernaf:23P\uppershf:23P\uppersonginstrumf:13P\uppzf:35P\Uptextf:33,34P\uptextf:33P\upzf:34P\usff:34P\ustf:35@͠3ڍJ&64IKCHAPTERf4.CINDEX3ڍeҍfTB|LV P\vadjustf:35P\varaccidf:23P\vboxf:46P\vfootnotef:48violinfclef:12,30violinfharmonicnotes:40virgaf:39VMSf:55P\vnotesf:14P\voffsetf:48,65v!oicesf:43P\vsizef:48ARhLWP\whf:15,22P\whpf:17Widor,fC.-M.:24,66B|LXP\xbf:52P\xbarref:29P\xbeambarref:36P\xcccclf:52P\xccccuf:52P\xccclf:52P\xcccuf:52P\xcclf:52P\xccuf:40,52P\xclf:40,52P\xclpf:52P\xclppf:52P\xcuf:40,52P\xcupf:40,52P\xcuppf:52P\xhf:52P\xlf:52P\xlpf:52P\xlppf:52P\xTrillef:34P\xtrillef:34P\xuf:52P\xupf:52P\xuppf:52B|LYP\yccuf:40P\yclf:40fTP\ycuf:40 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