; TeX output 1993.06.15:1413oeο9GGcmr17The7tIGGcmss17IBM2FqONTManual}(English7tVVersion)"t`$+ cmr12Heinricrh-Heine-Universit atDSvusseldorftUnivrersit atsrechenzentrumcFVriedhelmSorwaAfjfVVersion2.0|Janruary25,19934uFZfe7U P Afe9JHEHEdonaltaJHEmAfePXfe7 j%K`y cmr10Integration Dofl Graphics'and PicturesintoUUTU>'ExX{DoGcuments*E|PrintedUUona300dpideviceE97ff cmbx10Con=tents"9 cmbx1019In9troQductionG1929SourcesTofpicturesx492.149'ExX{andLffUK cmcsc10KaTU>EX{doGc- 9umentsЋcanbGedoneinmanydi erentways.hThemaindisadvqantageofmost9of)themethoGdsisthattheformatofthegraphicsorpicturewillbeinadevice9depGendentformat.OGThisoftenrequiresadi erentformatofTU>'ExXcommandsfor9eachUUprinterandspGecializeddriverprograms.9It>CseemstobGeananachronismthataftermorethantenyearsofTU>'ExX'srelease9thereuisnotacommonmeansofinclusionofgraphicelementsthatwillwork9withUUallprinters.9Theoneedforthesolutionofthisproblemisincreasedbythepro literationof9userfriendlygraphicsprogramsthatareavqailableonpGersonalcomputersand9workstations.hAlso,Bthejimprovingquality*,Bavqailability,Bandjdecreasingprice9ofˏopticalsystemslikescanners,)cameras,andˏvideoscannershaveenabled9convenientUUandeconomicaldigitalsourcesofphotographsandworksofart.9ThisdldoGcumentisintendedtointroGducetheTU>'ExXdhusertoasystemthatshould9solvethisproblem,evenforthecasualuser.PAtlogicalproGcedurewhichsolves9thisproblemofintegrationofgraphicsintoaTU>'ExXdoGcumentisoutlinedbythe9followingUUsteps: r1.'9ObtainUUthedesiredpictureorgraphicsinhardcopyform.r2.'9T*ranslate9AthatpictureintotheTU>'ExX9languagesothatitwillbGeunder-'9standable]foralldriverprograms.ZSinceTU>'ExX'sbasicactionsaretoplace'9acharacter(orrule)atagivenpGoint,Dzthismeanstranslatethepicture'9intoUUaseriesofcharactersthatTU>'ExXcanpropGerlyplaceonthepage.r3.'9IssueX'thecommandsthatplacethesecharactersinappropriatepGositions'9relativeUUtotheothers.r4.'9UseUUTU>'ExXtotypGesetthedocument.r5.'9UseUUadriverprogramtoconvertTU>'ExX'soutputintoahardcopy*.$91 INTRODUCTION'2E9The]secondstepinthelististheonewhichhasbGeenmissinginaportableand 9reliable5/form.VAgain,m&sinceTU>'ExX'sprimarymeansofputtinginkonpapGeris9throughީtheuseoffonts,thisstepisaccomplishedbyconvertingthegraphic9intoaseriesofcharactersina\spGecial"fontthatismeaningfulforthisgraphic9only*.9ThetoGolorprogramwhichdoesthisiscalledBM2FONT.Thisisaprogram9whichUisavqailableforIBMTPCsandcompatiblesatthiswriting.`Itisintendedto9bGeMpubliclydistributedasistherestoftheTU>'ExX;system.CAlthoughitinitially9runsonlyonthisclassofcomputers,0itsoutputhasnorestrictionsonuse9exceptthateachruncreatesafontforprintersofoneresolutionandone9markingCtechnologyatthatresolution.Thisphilosophyisobtainedasthe9output>q lesoftheprogramaretobGeunderstoodonanycomputer,xrunning9underanyopGeratingsystemwithits`local'implementationoftheTU>'ExXsystem.9W*ewilldiscussinsomedetailthattheoriginalsourcesofthesegraphicscan9come(fromcomputergeneratedpicturesorpicturesenteredintoacomputerby9meansUUofascannerorotherformofelectroniccamera.9Ca9veat:The)fontthatthepicturehasbGeencreatedatworksonlyforthat9resolution5ofprinter.hThereisanotherelementthata ectsthequalityofthe9output>picture.-cSomeprintersformtheprintedpagebymarkingtheblac9k9pixels;andothersformtheprintedpagebyerasingthewhitespacewhere9pixels@Yarenotblack.jDi erent@YfontsshouldbGedoneforeachtypGeprinter.jThe9ma8jorityUUofprintersthatareavqailableareofthe cmti10writeblacktypGe.9TheUpictureofDonaldDuckonthetitlepagewasobtainedfromapublicarchive9ofbitmaps.TheproGcessofincludingitinthedocumentwastoexecutethe9conversionUUutilitylike:9bm2font?donalt.gif9whichUUcreatedseveral les:qdonalt.tex?donalta.pkdonalta.tfm9(Notice$thattheoriginalversionofthismanualwasinGerman.5Ifithad9bGeen܏inEnglish,the rsttwo܏ lesmentionedwouldhavebGeendonald.gifand9donald.tex).hThebm2fontutilityhasconvertedagraphics leintotwo les/#91 INTRODUCTION'3E9thatdescribGeafontandaTU>'ExXsource lethatusesthefontdescribGedinthe 9otherQtwo les.eTheuser'sTU>'ExXPsourcemustnowincludetwofragementsof9TU>'ExXpcoGdeqwhichimplementtheuseofthefont/graphics.Thesefragmentsare9shownUUinthefollowingtwolines:9\input?donalt9\setbox\donalt9The"lastlineisusedjustlikeacharacteroranyotherbGoxinTU>'ExX.W*ewillgive 9moreUUdetailslater.:#92 SOURCESUUOFPICTURES4E92'Sourcesofpictures!9Thecontentsofagraphics lecanconsistofeithervectororrasterinformation. 9V*ectordinformationwilleventuallydundergoametamorphosisintheprinting9cycleAandbGechangedtorasterinformationsinceouroutputdevicesprintrasters9thatlAarealwayslA`ink'or`noink.'ThesetwolAbasicstatesofbinarysystemsare9commonLthroughouttheworldofelectronicdataproGcessing.[Ifthebitis\on",9it(hasinkandifitis\o "ithasvqalue\0".W OnthepapGereitherblackorwhite9areas willappGear.lThereisanobviousextensionforthehandlingofcolorsin9thatUUitislayersUUofthesepixelsofeachcolorthatwillbGe\on"or\o ."9TheNideaofconvertingNvectorgraphicstorastergraphicsisnotnew.RItiswhat9the#`printingengine'intoGdaysprintersdoastheirprimaryfunction.MThebasic9printers>actuallycopycharacters(whichareusuallybitmaps)tothebitmap9forlthewholepage.K$Themoreadvqancedprintersconvertvectorcommandsinto9bitmaps.cMost printersalsohavecommandsthatallowthe\ lling"ofclosed9areaswithink. Thus,Hsomeprinterscancreatecharactersbydrawingthe9outlinewithvectorcommandsand\ lling."QEThisdoGesnotleadtohighquality9fontsӗattheusual300dot/inchresolution.Theuseofsuch llingtechniques9isseldomhelpfulinpictures.KThesehaverowsofrastersthatfrequentlyhave9littleincommonwiththeadjacentrowsofpixels.8Thecontributionhereisthat9theRconversionhappGensatastagethatmakesthegraphicsintoafontwhich9can~bGeusedbyTU>'ExXrinamannerthatisreasonablydeviceindependent.BThis9enablesUUthebasicprintertoalsodothisgraphics.9Theret|aremanycommercialandpublicdomainprogramsthatcanbGeusedto9create&graphicsonpGersonalcomputersandworkstations.4Therearealsoseveral9defactoAstandardsforstoringbitmappGedgraphics.k5Mostoftheprogramsthat9allow theusertocreategraphicssuppGortmorethanoneoftheseoutputformats9forUUthestorageofgraphics.9W*edecidedthatthesuppGortofbitmappedgraphicsshouldbesupportedbe-9cause2%itisthe`lowest2%commondenominator'ofallrepresentationsofgraphics.9ThemachinereadablegraphicscanbGecreatedbyprogramslikeMacPaintor9byscanningphotographs,sketches,anddrawingswithsomekindofacamera9device.V*ectorbRgraphicscanalsobGeconvertedbRinthesamemannerormore9directlyUUbytheuseofthevectorinformationandoutputdeviceresolution.<ڠ92 SOURCESUUOFPICTURES5E9Thedi erentbitmapformatsthataresuppGortedbyBM2FONT-willbGede- 9scribGed.gSome7detailsastotheircommonorigins,=uses,and7limitationswillbe9given.bQThe&suxoftheinput leisimpQortan9tandisusedtospGecifythefor-9matfoftheinputbitmap le._"Ifthatformatrequiresaheader,(then\proGo ng"9of1VtheformatwillbGedonebyscanningtheheader.eDeviationsarereportedby9theBM2FONT.Conversionofthegraphicscontinues,ifpGossible.cThiscauses9unexpGectedUUresultsinsomecases.qThereasonsare: 9 cmsy10'9TheseUUstandardsareoftenpGoorlyUUdocumented.9'9These0standardsareoftenincompleteandsub8jecttosigni cantvqariations'9inUUtheirimplementations.9'9ProgramsDthatcreatesuch lesarelikeallotherprogramsintheworld'9andUUarethereforesub8jecttobugs. 9W*ehaveusedtheword\standards"ratherloGoselyhere.+Thesearecertainlynot9standards(inmostorallcases)similartothosepromulgatedbyANSI,DIN,9and/or}"ISO.ThesearestandardsonlyinthatthereissomedoGcumentation9avqailable,moreUthanonevendor'sproGductcanoutput lesmeetingthestandard9tosomeextent,andthatitisapparently`suppGorted'bymorethanonevendor.9BM2FONTnsuppGorto,isbaseduponthebestinformationavqailable.LErrorsor9warningsHabGoutinconsistenciesintheinput lecanappearlike:Xa\keepHyour9 ngers)crossed."ItispGossiblethatyoumaystillgetagoGod)document,^but9don'tUUcountonit.9TheUUdi erenttypGesofbitmapsthatBM2FONTcurrentlyhandlesare:9PCX,GIF,BMP,IFFlorLBM,TIFF,IMG,CUT,andBitMaps, ahomegrownbasic9version.IT92 SOURCESUUOFPICTURES6E90 cmbx122.1,1 cmtt12PCX lesuT9ZSOFTdevelopGed0thePCX{formatfordumpsofvideoscreens.LItnowsuppGorts 9upoto256colorsinapictureandisquiteecientinstoringascreenbugger.9Only16colorsweresuppGortedthroughversions3.0.HItusesarunlengthencoGd-9ingschemetoachievetheeconomyofdiskstorage.VSThisformatisalsousedby9some programswhich\capture"screensandmake lesforhardcopiesofthe9screenUUinformation.2]*ˍULHEHExtbinaLHEU 0.U MHEHExtbinbMo9Figure01:0ExampleofaPCX lecontaining16greyshades,8printedwith15grey9shades9Paintbrush,PCPaintbrush+,KDeluxeP aintIJIorKPublishersPaintbrushKsup-9pGortUUthePCXformataswellassomescannersystems.R 92 SOURCESUUOFPICTURES7E92.2,GIF lesuT9CompuServeQintroGducedtheGraphicsInterchangeF*ormat(GIF)QEin1987.f[It 9is_adeviceindepGendentandmainlyusedforexchangeofgraphic leswithin9networkUUsystems.qTheLZWalgorithmisusedtoobtainecientstorage.9BM2FONT-OdoGes-notsupportallcommandsthatcanappearinGIF-O le.\F*or9example, ^BM2FONTiwillextractonlythe rstpicturefromaGIF lethat9mayy-containmutliplepictures.PThisdecisionisbasedupGonthefactthateach9pictureJshouldbGeconvertedJtofontsindividually*.n+Further,LtheJtoolsshouldbe9keptassimpleaspGossible.>0OverlaysandotherspGeciale ectsshouldbedoneby9spGeci csoftware.fAnimationisnotappropriateforpapGerdocuments.fT*aking9onlyUUthe rstpictureignorestheproblembutkeepsthistoGolsimple.9X.ӟYfe>9xs5feNHEHEcobraaN0.Sxs5fe:fe9Figure`2:qExampleofaGIF? lewith256colors,cprintedwith16greyshades9andUUseparationofrasterpGoints99ThedoGcumentationoftheGIFstandardhasadiscussionontheaspectratio9ofVpixelsinthe le.Thisinformationisnotgiveninmostofthecases.Asa9matterooffact,noneoftheGIFV lesthatwehaveseenhavesuchinformation9imbGedded.vAVpictureVthatwascreatedonanEGAVvideoscreenwouldloGok9distorted+onpapGerifthisisnotincluded.0Thus,BM2FONTlooks+forthetypical9horizontalDandverticalresolutionofanEGADcardandstretchesthepictureto9a0suitableheight.This\defaultstretching"candisturbtheintentionofthe9picture,7Vparticularly/whenprintingartgraphics.eGTheusercanoverridethisby9furnishingUUanexplicitaspGectratio.Vz92 SOURCESUUOFPICTURES8E92.3,BMP lesuT9Windows3.0includestoGolsforcreatinggraphicsinthedevice-independent 9BitMaP?(BMP)format.RThishformatsuppGortsuncompressedbitmapsandrun9lengthYzencoGding(RLE)Y:compressionforsamplesof4and8bits.Theserepresent916UUor256colormaps,respGectively*. 9X.ӠoBfeJE>feOHEHEribbonsaOHES>feF+fe9FigureK3:4ExampleofaBMP- lewith16colors,printedwith16greyshadesand9separationUUofrasterpGoints99BM2FONT[doGes[notsupporttheRLE[compressionofBMPgraphicsinthecur-9rentJversion.AtthistimewehavenothadanoppGortunitytotestdecompression9on%pictureswithRLE.Currentversionsofgraphicsprogramsthatwehaveac-9cesstousingWindows3.0apparentlydonotsuppGortRLE.As lesincluding9thisUUfeaturebGecomeavqailable,thisfeatureshouldbeeasilyadded. _d92 SOURCESUUOFPICTURES9E92.4,IFForLBM lesuT9The.InterchangeFileF*ormatstandardwasde nedbytheElectronicArts 9corpGoration.bTheformatismainlyusedonAmigacomputers.IthasbGeen9introGducedtothePC_worldbythegraphicssoftwareKDeLuxeuP aintand9KDeLuxeP aintIJI.49X.ӠofeJhEh:fesPHEHEnewtutaPGS:feEfe9Figure|4:ExampleofanIFF|orLBM lewith256colors,printedwith16grey9shadesUUandseparationofrasterpGoints9IFF@Hor@NLBM lesareusuallylabGelledbytheextension.lbmintheMS-DOSen-9vironment,ٸbutBM2FONTalsoallowsa lewithextension.ifftobGeaccepted9asUUanIFForLBM le. dF92 SOURCESUUOFPICTURES10E92.5,TIFF lesuT9TheHjT*aggedImageFileFormatoftheAlduscompanyisoneofthemostcom- 9monlyusedstandardsforstoringandinterchangeofgraphics.ItssuppGortof9black>andwhitegraphicsashalftonesandcolorsisprobablyoneofthechief9reasonsUUforitspGopularity*.9Thefollowingpicturewasoriginallyacolorphotographandisusedtoillustrate9theUUqualityofrepresentingcolorpicturesashalftones:9~>CfeueD`sv[svfe^3QHEHEgoettcaQHE+\tzfe[ۉfeueD9Figure=^5:AExampleofaTIFF=# lewith16greyshades,w`printedwith16grey9shadesUUandseparationofrasterpGoints99TheVmostimpGortantiteminthisdigitizingprocessisthenumberVofcolors9avqailable7inthescannedimage.gItisevenmoreimpGortantthantheresolution. h792 SOURCESUUOFPICTURES11E92.6,IMG lesuT9TheQGEMIMaGe leformat(IMG)isyetanotherformat.Thisformaten- 9coGdesthecontentsofthescreenbu erbydi erentmethoGdsofdatacompres-9sion. These linclude:runlengthencoGding,6qbitstreams,patterns,and lrepeated9sequencesThefollowingexampleismadewiththeSIRGraphsoftware,which9isUUavqailableinseveraldi erentenvironments. ]fe5&s썟nfeeHRHEHEbspsiraRHESHEHEbspsirbSTHEHEbspsircT z4Zfeo>Pfe5&䎎9Figurej6:ExampleofanIMGX lewith16colors,pprintedwith16greyshades,9noUUerrordistributionused9TheoplanistohaveoBM2FONTo{runonseveraldi erentplatformswhichin-9clude3workstations,:amainframes,supGercomputers,alongwiththecurrentPC9environment. l92 SOURCESUUOFPICTURES12E92.7,CUT lesuT9TheMCUTMformatisusedforstoringimages,OEamongothers,bythevideosystem 9ImagePro`(Dr.Halo)..ItusesarunlengthencoGdingformat.ItmaybGenecessary9to}reducetheheightofthecapturedimage,FdepGendinguponthehardware.9BM2FONTusesadefaultx=y[{ratioofthehalftonepixelsof5/7.HOfcourse,9thiscanbGespeci edonthecommandlineifanotherparametervqalueisdesired.F9&"fe[l;㍟6r/feZUHEHEauditoraU)ꦍr/fe6Gfe[lXV feaJ;;a6;`qvfe^VHEHEvsowaaV)1`׀qvfe6ʼnfeaJ9Figure7:ExampleofCUT leswith256greyshades,printedwith16resp.369greyUUshades& o92.8,BitMaps9TheincorpGorationofbitmappedgraphicsshouldnotbelimitedtothesefor-9mats.2TherearemanymoreandthereisnoreasontoexpGectthatotherformats9will'notbGedeveloped.LAlso,ciftheavqailableconversionprogramscan'tproGduce9ad suppGortedformat,itmaybeabletoproduceafairly\pure"bitmapthat9wouldnotevenhaveaheader.BM2FONTdoGesaccomodatethisbutitmay9requireUUtheusertocreateaspGecialdecodingprogram.9BM2FONTis9notabletoproGcessapurebitmap lecorrectlywithoutany9accompanyinginformationonlybyscanningthe lename.The lenameonly9says,thatthereiscomingabitmap,bGecausetheextensiondidn'tmatchone9of>.thementionedformatslike.gifor.tif.jByusingtheparameterllikefor qB92 SOURCESUUOFPICTURES13E9example-l320BM2FONTassumes,thattherecomesabitmapwithawidth 9ofUU320bytes.9Theffollowingpicturewasgeneratedwithbm2font?venus.bit-l320-gy-x49-u2?-b2.POriginallyithasbGeenthe levenus.gif,`buttherightborderofthe9pictureUwasnotscannedasitshouldbGe.qAnextractionoftheimagewasdone9whichcVremovedthedamagedpartofthepicture.ThenitwasproGcessedby9BM2FONT.=c]Dܐfe5&_Z=feTWHEHEvenusaWHEXHEHEvenusbX*e4Z=fe[^fe5&䎎9Figureq8:+ExampleofaBitMapwith16greyshades, printedwith14grey9shades9EachctimeapurebitmapisproGcessed,*severalparametersshouldalwaysbGe9included:ߍ9(-gy)+indicatesUUthathalftonepixelsarepresent,9(-x4)+theUUwidthofthecolorsample(inbits),9(-u2)+theUUsizeoftheraster(-u2),and9(-b2)+theUUgradeoflightening.y93 THEUUMETHODOFINTEGRA*TION]14E93'Themethoudofin=tegration!9Theinclusionofgraphicsisaccomplishedbywritingatext le(ofTU>'ExXcom- 9mands)*andtwo* lesthatcontainfontinformationthatTU>'ExXanditsvqariants9understand..TheTU>'ExXcommandsmakeexplicituseofthefont les..F*urther,9the(sfontmayhaveseveral\characters"whichrepresentpartsofthepicture.9TheUUTU>'ExXmacroswillassemblethesecharacterstomaketheimage.9BM2FONT>3wrote>9thefollowingtext lefortheexampleofFigure2.jFirst,Bthe9new*4picturefontsarede ned,_kthenwegetthewidthofthepictureandput9theDpartsofthepictureintoabGox.@VADmacroisde nedtooutputthisbGox,9likeGaTU>'ExXGtable,paragraph,orGotherbGox.ITU>'ExXGgetstheinformationabGout9thejdimensionsofthecharacters,owhichjwereusedtotypGesetthepicturefrom9the=tfm le,Kwthedriverprogramsreadthepacked(pk) les lestoprintthe9doGcument,UUincludingthepicture.y1"9\newbox\cobraboxy2y3"9\newdimen\cobrawy4y5"9\font\cobraa=cobraa?at72.27truepty6y7"9\setbox\cobrabox=\vbox{\hbox{%y8y9"9\cobraa\char0\char1\char2}} :10 :11"9\cobraw=\wd\cobrabox :12 :13"9\setbox\cobrabox=\hbox{\vbox{\hsize=\cobraw :14 :15"9\parskip=0pt\offinterlineskip\parindent0pt :16 :17"9\hbox{\cobraa\char0\char1\char2} :18 :19"9\hbox{\cobraa\char3\char4\char5}}} :20 :21"9\ifx\parbox\undefined :22~93 THEUUMETHODOFINTEGRA*TION]15E :2379\def\setcobra{\box\cobrabox} :24 :25"9\else :26 :2779\def\setcobra{\parbox{\wd\cobrabox}{\box\cobrabox}} :28 :29"9\fi :309The:maximumsizeofthecharacterswhichare`tiled'togetheris0.5inch.9TheseScharactersshouldbGeplacedimmediatelyadjacenttoeachotherandthere9shouldUUalsonotbGeanyinterlinespacebGetweenrowsofthesetiledcharacters.9ThePdriverprogramthatconvert'sTU>'ExX'soutput(a.dvi le)intoaprinter9imagemayhavesomeslightproblemsthatkeepthe`tiles'inpropGeralignment.9In8thelowresolutionprinters(600dots/inchandless),>wthedriversshouldgen-9erallyallowaslightaccumulationofspacingerrorsinlongwordsduetothe9fact4thattheexactwidthofcharactersarenotwholemultiplesofthewidthof9pixels.ThisaccumulationisnormallybGoundedbyamaxdriftvqalue.Ifitis9notUUzero,thenthesetilescanoverlapUUorhaveUUagapbGetweenUUthem.9IfSTso,loGokaround,thereareseveralgoGodSTdriversthatwillnothavethisproblem.9AsinglepictureisconvertedintoseveralcharactersbGecausemanyprintershave9a5smalllimittothesizeofcharacterstheycanhandle.g6Thedriverfamilyfrom9NelsonBeebGenowhandlesthisproperlyasdoesthedvipsdriverfromT*om'[v9Rokicki.ThefsizeofthisHX^44cmhinchHMDisapproximatelythesameasthe9individualUUtilesorpartsofthepicturethatarecreatedbyBM2FONT.9Within=faTU>'ExX=+installationtheremaybGeoneormoredirectoriesfromwhich9TU>'ExX1and@thedriverobtainfont les.\TheoutputofBM2FONT1mustbGeplaced9inloneofthosedirectoriesoranenvironmentlvqariablemustbGesettoletthese9programsknowwherethesefont lesareplaced.9JBM2FONTusesanenviron-9ment‚vqariableinthePCfenvironmenttoplacethegenerated lesinapropGer9directory*.)The=XenvironmentvqariablesarenamedTEXFONTS,?TEXINPUTS=and9DIRPXL.5bThefollowingexampleisbasedupGonthedefaultresolutionof300dpi:֠93 THEUUMETHODOFINTEGRA*TION]16ad9Environment-V*ariableFileUUwrittenbyBM2FONT 9texinputs=\tex\inputs\tex\inputs\cobra.tex9texfonts=\tex\fonts\tfm\tex\fonts\tfm\acobra.tfm\tex\fonts\tfm\bcobra.tfm9dirpxl=\tex\fonts\pxl\tex\fonts\pxl300\acobra.pk\tex\fonts\pxl300\bcobra.pk5qǍ9Ifxtheseenvironmentxvqariablesarenotde ned,qBM2FONTUoutputsthefontand 9TU>'ExXUU lesinthecurrentdirectory*.&94 VARIA*TIONSUUBYCHANGINGPARAMETERVALUES?k17E94'Variationsb=ychangingparameterv{alues!9W*eDfshouldseldomproGcesspicturespictureswithBM2FONT'sdefaultparame- 9ters.;ThisisespGeciallytrueifthepicturesarephotographstakenundervqarying9conditions.j^The?usershouldexercisesome`artisticlicense'inthechoiceofpa-9rameterstoachievethebGeste ects.WThelistofthedefaultparametersisgiven9byUUBM2FONTwheninvokedwithoutanyparametersonthecommandline.y1"9C:\>bm2fonty2y3"9This?isBitMapTOfont,version2.0ofjanuary93y4y5"9Converting?BitmapFilestoTeX-Fontsy6y7'yusage?isBM2FONTfilenameandparametersy8y9'y-f?(stdfilename) :10 :11'y-h$(pixel/inch,std300) :12 :13'y-v/?(pixel/inch,std300) :14 :15'y-l9(inbytes,onlypurebitmaps) :16 :17'y-a?(yorn,stdn) :18 :19'y-p (yorn,stdy) :20 :21'y-e)(yorn,stdy) :22 :23'y-i/?(yorn,stdn) :24 :25'y-g)(yorn,stdn) :26 :27'y-w?(yorn,stdy) :28 :29'y-d9(yorn,stdy) :3094 VARIA*TIONSUUBYCHANGINGPARAMETERVALUES?k18E :31'y-s?(yorn,stdn) :32 :33'y-r(yorn,stdn) :34 :35'y-u(less8) :36 :37'y-c (less8) :38 :39'y-xD?(0(f.e.by1,lessu*c*4,std0) :42 :43'y-tD?(in%,std70) :44 :45'y-z9(in%,std70) :46 :47'y-m(inmm) :48 :49'y-n (inmm) :509W*e4emphasize againthatthefont lesthatBM2FONTcreatesfromapicture9shouldXMbGeforaspeci cdevice.pEachtypGeofprinterisadi erentmarkingengine9andhasdi erentcharacteristics.9QWhenwecreatefontsforTU>'ExXusingMET*A-9FONT,|wespGeci callystatewhichprinterthefontisintendedfor.w'ExX0isZdeviceindepGendent,Ͽbutthedrivercan'tbGe!:Thisisevenmoretruewith9halftonepicturesthanitiswithfonts.OWhenpreviewingthedoGcumentona9resolutionnof100dotspGerinchonlythelayoutofthepagecanbGeinteresting,9notξthepictureitself.DOnecannotbGecon dentoftheappearanceofthepicture9on$a300or1200dpidevicebasedupGonthepreviewingofthe`font'onascreen's9veryZlowresolution.~TheusershouldbGepreparedtomakeseveralrunswith9di erentvwparametersto ndthe`bGestsettings'foreachpictureorsetofpictures.94 VARIA*TIONSUUBYCHANGINGPARAMETERVALUES?k19E94.1,Thenameoftheoutput les:Parameter-fuT9ThedefaultproGcedureistousethepartoftheinput lenamebeforethe 9extension}$astheroGotofthenamesoftheoutput les.3Inapreviousexample,9theinputcamefromcobra.gifandtheoutput lesallhad`cobra'inthem.9Theparameter-fsnakewouldcausethestring`cobra'tobGereplaceswith9`snake'UUinthenamesoftheoutput les,bGoththe.texandfont les.'694.2,Resolution:Parameters-hand-v9The9defaultassumptioninBM2FONT9isaresolutionof300dpiinbGoththe9horizontal/andverticaldirections.e9A/pixelmayhavedi erentpGositioningreso-9lutions.If`thepixelswereplacedat300dpiintervqalshorizontallyand240dpi9intervqals:vertically*,sthentheparameters-h300?-v240wouldbGeused.!\Some9of1themorecommonlyuseddotmatrixprintershavesuchananomolyeven9thoughUUthepixelsareessentiallyround(orsquare).9Thisinformationisusedincalculatingthetfm-dimensionswhichTU>'ExXwilluse.9Thus,wecanin uencetherelativesizeoftheoutputfont. Thephysicalsize9of`thepicturefromthetiledcharactersisalsoa ectedbyseveralparameters,9espGeciallytherastersize.6Therastersizeandtheprinter'sresolutionmustbGoth9bGeUUconsideredtogetgoodresultswithhalftones.'694.3,Usageofbitmaps:Parameter-l, cmmi12n,-gcand-xc9These0parameterswereintroGducedinthediscussionofFigure8.Thewidth9of]thepictureisdeclaredas-lnbytes.XThisimpliesthattheconversionthat9haspwrittenthebitmaphaspaddedtherowsofpixelstoamultipleof8ifthe9naturalUUbitmapwasnot.9ThePparameter-gcisusedtoindicatethatyestherearegreyvqaluesofthe9pixels$bGecauseablackandwhitepictureisexpected.Halftonepicturesalso9need thespGeci cationofthecolorsample'swidth, whichisexpectedtobeɠ94 VARIA*TIONSUUBYCHANGINGPARAMETERVALUES?k20E98@bits.UAn8bitwidthgivesapGossible256greyshades.A+picturewith16grey 9shadeshaveawidthof4bits.CInthelattercase,BM2FONTistobGecalledwith9parameterUUsetting-x4.'694.4,Graphicsadapter:Parameter-auT9BM2FONTiswritteninamannerthatthepicturecanbGeshownonthescreen9withmostofthecommonvideoadapters.OItispGossiblethattherewillbesome9problemsܤandinconsistencieswithdi erentVGA܁cards.F*orthisreason,xthis9previewingoraccompanyingoutputtothescreenissupressed,bydefault.8This9viewingisactivqatedbytheparameter-ay.2 InthismoGde,XBM2FONTwaitsafter9thepictureisdisplayedonthescreenforakeytobGepressed,?beforecontinuing.9Theusermayentertheqkeywhichwillcausetheprogramtostopandnot9deleteUUtempGorary leswhichhavetheextensionof.tmp.94.5,Scaling:Parameter-mand-nuT9The?8userissometimessurprisedbythesizeofthepicturethatresultsfrom9BM2FONT'suproGcessing.Scalingispossiblebytheuseoftheseparameters.9The7parameters-mand-narefollowed7bynumericvqalueswhichsetthewidth9andV1heightoftheresultingpicture(inthefontrepresentation)inunitsofmil-9limeters.Thus,multipleqpixelsmaybGecollapsedintooneandthedecisionof9how*thisisdoneisbasedupGonthesizeoftheoriginalpictureinpixels,` the9resolutionUUoftheprinter,andtheseparameters.~94 VARIA*TIONSUUBYCHANGINGPARAMETERVALUES?k21y9N_שfelRzMz$feOYHEHEoldmillaYHEZHEHEoldmillbZj$feMfelFigureUU9:qExampleofascaledpicturewithawidthof75mm,15greyshades94 VARIA*TIONSUUBYCHANGINGPARAMETERVALUES?k22E9TheimageabGovewasgenereatedwithparameter-m75.Itwasscaledfrom 91024x768fpixelsto443x332pixel.ThescalingproGcessisdonebyrepeating9ordeletingpixelsinthesimplestwayandhassigni can9tin uenceonthe9quality\ofapicture.FInmanycases,'likephotographs,'thechangeofqualitycan9bGe;ignored.zButincaseofblackandwhitepicturestheproblemsshouldnot9bGeUUignored,forexample:M)5ӎ+feԟforwhichthepixelsmustbGeblackenedatthecorre-9spGonding{positionswithinthechosengrid.) Originalgreyvqaluesaretransformed9toUUtheavqailablehalftones.z}fjff|群fd ff ff9GColumn|X ffffffffffff &ffff&fff 4dffff4ʄff BȄffffCN.ff QN,ffffQff _ffff`ff nffffnZff |Xffff fffdRow ff1& ff+e24d ff9g3Bȟ ffG-4QN, ffV45_ ffd6n ffsY7|X ffff|羡 ff 1 ff01& ff(d034d ff606Bȟ ffEN,10QN, ffS18_ ffb26n ffpX38|X ffff|羡 ff 2 ff02& ff(d044d ff607Bȟ ffEN,12QN, ffS19_ ffb28n ffpX40|X ffff|羡 ff 3 ff05& ff(d084d ff609Bȟ ffEN,14QN, ffS21_ ffb30n ffpX42|X ffff|羡 ff 4 ff11& ff(d134d ff615Bȟ ffEN,16QN, ffS23_ ffb32n ffpX44|X ffff|羡 ff 5 ff17& ff(d204d ff622Bȟ ffEN,24QN, ffS25_ ffb34n ffpX46|X ffff|羡 ff 6 ff27& ff(d294d ff631Bȟ ffEN,33QN, ffS35_ ffb36n ffpX48|X ffff|羡 ff 7 ff37& ff(d394d ff641Bȟ ffEN,43QN, ffS45_ ffb47n ffpX49|X ffff|美9A_greydotisbuiltupby4neighbGoringoriginalcoloredpixels.kThismeans,9thateveryintensitylevelhas4di erentoGccurences,followingcalledpatterns.9The-amountofavqailablegreylevelsGsoisG=4uc,5where-uisthewidthand9cistheheightofthedotrasterinpixels.&WhenusingtheabGovementioned9parametersettingwewillhave36levelsofgreyintensitiesandeachlevelhas94UUrasters,thatareusedbyBM2FONTtocompGosethepicture.R94 VARIA*TIONSUUBYCHANGINGPARAMETERVALUES?k245Ѝ9 ff.fd ff0 ffTPatterns_ȟ ffffff0ffff1ZffKiffffL=τffgބffffgkDff2Sffffff_Ȅffff fffdGreyUUlevel0 ff;1Ki ffW!V2gޟ ffrN32S ff|@4_ȟ ffff."ff-10"ff48 4848Ki"ffgޟ"ff2S"ff_ȟ"fffff."ff-20"ff48 4848Ki"ffOu8 Ou8Ou8gޟ"ff2S"ff_ȟ"ffff."ff-30"ff48 4848Ki"ffOu8 Ou8Ou8gޟ"ffk8 k8k82S"ff_ȟ"ffff."ff-40"ff48 4848Ki"ffOu8 Ou8Ou8gޟ"ffk8 k8k82S"ffC_8 C_8C_8_ȟ"ffff."ff-50"ff48 4848Ki"ffOu8 Ou8Ou8gޟ"ffk8 k8k82S"ffC_8 C_8C_8_ȟ"ffff."ff-60"ff48 4848Ki"ffOu8 Ou8Ou8gޟ"ffk8 k8k82S"ffC_8 C_8C_8_ȟ"ffff.8M.M.M.⢠ff.fd ff0 ffTPatterns_ȟ ffffff0ffff1ZffKiffffL=τffgބffffgkDff2Sffffff_Ȅffff fffdGreyUUlevel0 ff;1Ki ffW!V2gޟ ffrN32S ff|@4_ȟ ffff."ff,200"ff48 4848Ki"ffOu8 Ou8Ou8gޟ"ffk8 k8k82S"ffC_8 C_8C_8_ȟ"fffff."ff,210"ff48 4848Ki"ffOu8 Ou8Ou8gޟ"ffk8 k8k82S"ffC_8 C_8C_8_ȟ"ffff."ff,220"ff48 4848Ki"ffOu8 Ou8Ou8gޟ"ffk8 k8k82S"ffC_8 C_8C_8_ȟ"ffff.8ff$.$.$.0ff=S.=S.=S.KiffX=.X=.X=.gޟffsk=.sk=.sk=.2Sff..._ȟffff."ff,340"ff48 4848Ki"ffOu8 Ou8Ou8gޟ"ffk8 k8k82S"ffC_8 C_8C_8_ȟ"ffff."ff,350"ff48 4848Ki"ffOu8 Ou8Ou8gޟ"ffk8 k8k82S"ffC_8 C_8C_8_ȟ"ffff."ff,360"ff48 4848Ki"ffOu8 Ou8Ou8gޟ"ffk8 k8k82S"ffC_8 C_8C_8_ȟ"ffff.+9DepGendinguontheactualpositioninagreypixel,asitisgeneratedforthe 9outputMdevice,thecorrespGondingrasterofthegreyvqalueischosen.ZDuring9rotationsaroundthecenterofthegreypixelthefoursegmentsareusedinthe9orderUU2,3,1and4.9F*orv0eachrowofthepicturethepatternsr cmmi7i|areusedasthefollowingtableshows:?nП׳4ff#fd͟ ff͟fdrcmr71jr4 I@ ff/r1D>r4 I@ ffYr1nr4 I@ ff|:::s ffff#͟ ff͟fdr2jr3 I@ ff/r2D>r3 I@ ffYr2nr3 I@ ff|:::s ff ͟ ff͟fdr4jr1 I@ ff/r4D>r1 I@ ffYr4nr1 I@ ff|:::s ffff#͟ ff͟fdr3jr2 I@ ff/r3D>r2 I@ ffYr3nr2 I@ ff|:::s ff ͟ ff͟fdr1jr4 I@ ff/r1D>r4 I@ ffYr1nr4 I@ ff|:::s ffff#ffff#͟ ff͟fdr1jr4 I@ ff/r1D>r4 I@ ffYr1nr4 I@ ff|:::s ffff#k94 VARIA*TIONSUUBYCHANGINGPARAMETERVALUES?k25E94.7,Gradation:Parameters-tand-zuT9ItisnecessarytocompGensateforthefactthatmostoutputdeviceswillmake 9darkgreytoGodark.Thisisduetothefactthat`writeblack'markingen-9gineswriteoverlappingpixelsthathavealargerdiameterthantheirspacing.9BM2FONTUUusesgr}'adationtocorrectthese`tones.'9The2parameters-tand-zareusedtocommunicatethevqaluesofparameters9whichFspGecifytherangeandamountofoflightening.FgTheseparametersare9pGercentagesUUandtheiruseisillustratedintheheuristic:q΍a4y"=^Cu cmex10C]Y 1 $&fe c2xcmmi5 wcmr50x^1+  + l1l&fes2x^ l0x^1 cmsy7 o$0xQȉffMj3ȉff[ަȉffjRȉffxȉff;oȉffRȉff#şȉffȉff ȉff0ޟff>ffMjPff[މffjRŸffxff;4ffmff#ffߟff ff*0 0.09@ 0.1G 0.2V( 0.3d۟ 0.4sN 0.5 0.6 0.7n 0.8 0.9Vm 1.0vhx0މlgff+I33ffȎ+I[݄ffȎ+IffȎ+I߭ffȎ+IֳffȎ+I\ffȎ+I(ffȎ+IQffȎ+IyƄffȎ+I܄ffȎ+I˅ffȎ-33ff-\ff-݄ff-߭ff-ևff-\ff-(1ff-Qff-yۄff-ff-˅fff0.00.18&0.2`0.3׉0.4̲0.590.6O0.7,0.8V0.9~1.09by lgff< ]HEHEparrota] -offsꟙHffs-o`ffe-o`ff/zYRbm2font?parrot.gif-t70-z70/IN9././˟s./ ./M./׎IJ./ϟ./z./Q!././ӟD[.0.0 Uu.02.0ן.0 ?l.0'Y .0.p.05۟ C.0=.0D]:}.0Dc:|.0hͨ.0`.05.0{,.0~,.0ğX.1 .1BP@.1f.1f.1&g.13.13.2@A_.2Ο .2Ο .2[.3F.3F.3.3.3m;.4<g.4<f.4:.4:.5ǟ&.5^T.5^T.5oM.5oM.6B.6B.7sn.7sn.7.7.83ڟ.83ڟ.8,.8,.9V.9V.9+SJ.9+SJ.:xEu.:xEu.; `y.; `y.;{ .;{ .<+.<+.<.<.=M˟3%.=M˟3%.=Q.=Q.>pY}.>pY}.?.?.?6.?6.@#Q.@#Q.@l.@l.AE-.AE-.A֡9Y.A֡9Y.Bg9Y.Bg9Y.Bן̄.Bן̄.C_D.C_D.D .D .D'.D'.E=B.E=B.E]4.E]4.F_x4.F_x4.F`.F`.G?.G?.HȟK.HȟK.HK.HK.I4e.I4e.I.I.JW3<.JW3<.JN<.JN<.Kyig.Kyig.L Დ.L Დ.LᲓ.LᲓ.M,E.M,E.Mԟ.Mԟ.NNl.NNl.N l.N l.Oq$C.Oq$C.P?ߒo.P?ߒo.PZߒo.PZߒo.Q$t%.Q$t%.Q޸.Q޸.RG;K.RG;K.RşK.RşK.Sh޲.Sh޲.SrK.SrK.TrK.TrK.U0v.U0v.U۟ܘ.U۟ܘ.V>e+.V>e+.Vπ+.Vπ+.W`۾.W`۾.WQ.WQ.XџR.XџR.YR.YR.Yx~.Yx~.Z6! 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