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i,D}͡ ff ͟Lτ ffΟ1h le-contentsiW ffͤLτ ffΟ1\end{filecontents}H} ff5ff}ō>Thev filecontentsenvironmentv isintendedforbundlingwithinasingledoGcu->ment| lethecontentsofpackqages,]options,or|other les.sWhenthedoGcument10 0y?> leisrunthroughL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"-,βthebGodyofthisenvironmentiswrittenverbatim >(precededbyacommentline)toa lewhosenameisgivenastheenvironment's>onlyЯargument.EHowever,7ifthat lealreadyexiststhennothinghappGensexcept>forUUaninformationmessage.>OnlysnormalASCIGIstextcharacters(7-bitvisibletext)shouldbeincludedina>filecontents@environment.aAnythingelse,;suchastabcharacters,;form-feeds>orUU8-bitcharacters,shouldnotbGeincludedinafilecontentsenvironment.>T*absandformfeedsproGduceawarning,explainingthattheyareturnedinto>spacesorblanklines,arespGectively*.Whathappensto8-bitcharactersdepends>onUUtheTU>'ExXinstallationandisingeneralunpredictable.>ThefilecontentsenvironmentisusedforincludingL5ffA͉TU>'ExX les.IF*orother>plain7text les(suchasEncapsulatedPostScript les),.youshouldusethe>filecontents*UUenvironmentwhichdoGesnotaddacommentline.>TheseenvironmentsareallowedonlybGefore\documentclass.-Thisensuresthat>anypackqagesthathavebGeenbundledinthedocumentarepresentwhenneeded.!6>3.2\PreamblecommandsuT>Theֽchangestothepreamblecommandsareintentionallydesignedtomake>L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"fdoGcumentsYlookclearlydi erentfromolddocuments.Thecommands>shouldUUbGeusedonlybefore\begin{document}.o$@ff/1ͤLτ ffΟ1\documentclassT[hoption-listi0]{hclass-name i3ʟ}[hrelease-date i6]͡ ff5ff/阍>ThisUUcommandreplacestheL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09command\documentstyle.>TheremustbGeexactlyone\documentclasscommandinadocument;Pandit>mustcomeafterthefilecontentsenvironments,sifany*,sbutbGeforeanyother>commands.>Thehoption-listظi;isalistofoptions,eachofwhichmaymoGdifytheformatting>of7Delementswhicharede nedinthehclass-name[i@~v le,oaswellasthoseinall>followingUU\usepackagecommands(seebGelow).>TheOoptionalargumenthr}'elease-date[iDcanbGeusedtospecifytheearliestde->siredereleasedateoftheclass le;mitshouldcontainadateintheformat>yyyy/mm/dd.ZIf.aversionoftheclassolderthanthisdateisfound,iawarning>isUUissued.>F*orexample, tospGecifyatwo-columnarticle,usingaversionofarticle.cls>releasedUUafterJune1994,youspGecify:L,\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}[1994/06/01]11 cy?$@ff˩1ͤLτ ffΟ1\documentstyleT[hoption-listi0]{hclass-name i3ʟ}͡ ff5ff˩򎎎阍>This[commandisstillsuppGortedforcompatibilitywithold les.JtItisessentially >theSxsameas\documentclassexceptthatitinvokesSxL雍QATKß'E-X}2.09c}'ompatibility>mo}'de."PIt-alsocausesanyoptionsinthehoption-listظi=ݲthatarenotproGcessed>by[theclass letobGeloadedaspackqagesaftertheclasshasbGeenloaded.See>SectionUU4formoredetailsonL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09compatibilitymoGde.o$@ff U1ͤLτ ffΟ1\usepackageT[hoption-listi0]{hpackage-name i?}[hrelease-date i6]͡ ff5ff U>AnyknumbGerof\usepackagecommandsisallowed.L Eachpackqage le(asde->noted3byhp}'ackage-name[iI )de nesnewelements(ormoGdi esthosede nedin>the@class leloadedbythehclass-name[iBargumentofthe\documentclass>command).yAՃpackqage lethusextendstherangeofdoGcumentswhichcan>bGeUUprocessed.f>Theӏhoption-listظi>Uargumentӏcancontainalistofoptions,3eachofwhichcan>moGdifyOtheformattingofelementswhicharede nedinthishp}'ackage-name[i> le.>AsabGove,Khr}'elease-date[iE1cancontaintheearliestdesiredreleasedateofthe>packqage leintheformatyyyy/mm/dd;ifanolderversionofthepackqageis>found,UUawarningisissued.>F*orcexample,toloadthegraphicspackqageforthedvipsdriver,usingaversion>ofUUgraphics.styreleasedafterJune1994,youwrite:fL,\usepackage[dvips]{graphics}[1994/06/01]f>Eachpackqageisloadedonlyonce.NIfthesamepackqageisrequestedmorethan>once,nothinghappGensinthesecondorfollowingattemptunlessthepackqagehas>bGeenArequestedwithoptionsthatwerenotgivenintheoriginal\usepackage.@kIf>such{`extraoptionsarespGeci edthenanerrormessageisproduced.) SeeSection6>howUUtoresolvethisproblem.>AsQvwellasproGcessingtheoptionsgiveninthehoption-listظi;Qoofthe\usepackage>command,jeachpackqageproGcessesthehoption-listظi9aofthe\documentclasscom->mandSaswell.qThismeansthatanyoptionwhichshouldbGeprocessedbyevery>packqage(tobGeprecise,byeverypackqagethatspGeci esanactionforit)can>bGespeci edjustonce,Rinthe\documentclasscommand,ratherthanbGeing>repGeatedUUforeachpackqagethatneedsit.o$@ff;?ݟ1ͤLτ ffΟ1\listfiles͡ ff5ff;?ݎ阍>Ifthiscommandisplacedinthepreamblethenalistofthe lesreadin(asa>resultofproGcessingthedocument)willbedisplayedontheterminal(andinthe>log le)attheendoftherun.WherepGossible,ashortdescriptionwillalsobe>proGduced.12 y?>Warning}:Ucthis#commandwilllistonly leswhichwerereadusingL5ffA͉TU>'ExXcom-NewTdescription 1995/12/01 >mands:suchas\input{h le[iN}or\include{h le[i}.BIfthe lewasreadusingthe>primitiveD=TU>'ExXsyntax\input? le(without{}bracesaroundthe lename)>thengDitwillnotbGelisted;'ExXformwiththebracescan>causew.moresevereproblems,pGossiblyleadingtooverwritingimpGortant les,so>alw9aysTputinthebraces.o$@ffw1ͤLτ ffΟ1\setcounter{errorcontextlines}T{hnum9ib}͡ ff5ffw阍>TU>'ExXT3introGducedanewprimitive\errorcontextlineswhichcontrolsthefor->matAdoferrormessages.k!L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"-/providesaninterfacetothisthroughthestan->dardh\setcountercommand.AsmostL5ffA͉TU>'ExXusersdonotwanthtoseethe>internalVde nitionsofL5ffA͉TU>'ExXcommandseachtimetheymakeanerror,"L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2">setsUUthisto1bydefault.鍍>3.3\Do`cumentstructure~>ThelbookdoGcumentclassintroGducesnewcommandstoindicatedocumentstruc->ture.%a$@ffD 1ͤLτ ffΟ1\frontmatter͡ ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\mainmatter c ffͤLτ ffΟ1\backmatter c ff5ffD >TheseNcommandsindicatethebGeginningofthefrontmatter(titlepage, tableof>contents!andprefaces),mainmatter(maintext)andbackmatter(bibliography*,>indexesUUandcolophon).>3.4\De nitions~>InL5ffA͉TU>'ExX,_commandscanhavebGothmandatoryandoptionalarguments,for>exampleUUin:ML,\documentclass[11pt]{article}M>theUU11ptargumentisoptional,whereasthearticleclassnameismandatory*._*>InL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09userscouldde necommandswitharguments,lbutthesehadto>bGeQmandatoryarguments.pWithL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"(E,RZuserscannowde necommandsand>environmentsUUwhichalsohaveoneoptionalargument."($ffY1ͤLτ ffΟ1\newcommandT{hcmdpi`}[hnum9ib][hdefaulti"M]{hde nition9i-}? ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\renewcommandT{hcmdpi`}[hnum9ib][hdefaulti"M]{hde nition9i-}͡ ff5ffYō>TheseIcommandshaveIanew,;second,optionalIargument;thisisusedforde ning>commandswhichthemselvestakeoneoptionalargument. Thisnewargument13Ey?>isbGestintroducedbymeansofasimple(andhencenotverypractical)example:3L,\newcommand{\example}[2][YYY]{Mandatoryarg:#2; VOptionalarg:#1.}3>Thiscde nes\exampletobGeacommandwithtwocarguments,xreferredtoas >#1 and#2inthe{hde nitionci1k}|nothingnewsofar.Butbyaddingasecond>optional|argumenttothis\newcommand(the[YYY])|the rstargument(#1)of>theҾnewlyde nedcommand\exampleismadeoptionalwithitsdefaultvqalue>bGeingUUYYY.3>ThusUUtheusageof\exampleiseither:L,\example{BBB}3>whichUUprints:WMandatoryUUarg:qBBB;Optionalarg:YYY.>or:L,\example[XXX]{AAA}>whichUUprints:WMandatoryUUarg:qAAA;Optionalarg:XXX.>ThedefaultvqalueoftheoptionalargumentisYYY.ThisvalueisspGeci edasthe >[hdefaultظi% ]UUargumentofthe\newcommandthatcreated\example.3>AsUUanothermoreusefulexample,thede nition:L,\newcommand{\seq}[2][n]{\lbrace#2_{0},\ldots,\,#2_{#1}\rbrace}>meansthattheinput$\seq{a}$proGducestheformulafa0|s;:::;UPa 0ercmmi7nq~g,Qwhereas >theUUinput$\seq[k]{x}$proGducestheformulafx0|s;:::;UPxk됸g.3>InUUsummary*,thecommand:W\newcommandUU{hcmdi.}[hnumci%][hdefaultظi% ]{hde nitionci1k}>de nesGyhcmdi#B toGybGeacommandwithhnumci$Earguments,the rstofwhichis>optionalUUandhasdefaultvqaluehdefaultظi)1a.>Note# thattherecanonlybGeoneoptionalargumentbut,-*asbefore,-*therecanbe>upUUtonineargumentsintotal.14Py?f$ff:[1ͤLτ ffΟ1\newenvironmentT{hcmdpi`}[hnum9ib][hdefaulti"M]{hbeg-defi$0}{hend-defi&c}? ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\renewenvironmentT{hcmdpi`}[hnum9ib][hdefaulti"M]{hbeg-defi$0}{hend-defi&c}͡ ff5ff:[ō>L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"hI&also|suppGortsthecreationofenvironments|thathave|oneoptional >argument.-ThusthesyntaxofthesetwocommandshasbGeenextendedinthe>sameUUwayasthatof\newcommand.o$@ff&1ͤLτ ffΟ1\providecommandT{hcmdpi`}[hnum9ib][hdefaulti"M]{hde nition9i-}͡ ff5ff&阍>This>Atakesthesameargumentsas\newcommand.,Ifhcmdi#/isalreadyde ned>thentheexistingde nitioniskept;Dbutifitiscurrentlyunde nedthenthe>e ect~ of\providecommandistode nehcmdi!njustasif\newcommandhadbGeen>used.I>AllDZtheabGoveDZ ve`de ningcommands'nowhave*-formsthatareusuallytheNewTfeature 1994/12/01>bGetterformtousewhende ningcommandswitharguments,оunlessanyofthese>argumentsZisintendedtocontainwholeparagraphsoftext.QMoreover,ifyouever>dos ndyourselfneedingtousethenon-starformthenyoushouldaskwhether>thatargumentwouldnotbGetterbetreatedasthecontentsofasuitablyde ned>environment.>ThekcommandsproGducedbytheabovek ve`de ningcommands'arenowrobust.NewTfeature 1995/12/01 >3.5\Boxes>ThesennextthreecommandsformakingLR-bGoxesallexistedinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09.>TheyUUhavebGeenenhancedintwoways.'($@ffX1ͤLτ ffΟ1\makeboxT[hwidth9id][hposi[]{htexti}* ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\frameboxT[hwidth9id][hposi[]{htexti}&A ffͤLτ ffΟ1\saveboxT{hcmdpi`}[hwidth9id][hposi[]{htexti}͡ ff5ffX >Onesmallbutfar-reachingchangeforL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2",Disthat,jwithinthehwidthci'L~ar->gumentonly*,GfourspGeciallengthscanbeused. Thesearealldimensionsofthe>bGoxUUthatwouldbGeproducedbyusingsimply\mbox{htextظi}:GW\height itsUUheightabGovethebaseline;IW\depth itsUUdepthbGelowthebaseline;W\totalheight theUUsumof\heightand\depth;W\width itsUUwidth.>Thus,2Qto)put`hello'inthecentreofabGoxoftwiceitsnaturalwidth,2Qyouwould >use:(L,\makebox[2\width]{hello}15Άy?X->OrUUyoucouldputfsintoasquarebGox,likethis:qǟ9ffZ㎍ff9f㎄ffffffZ%L,\framebox{\makebox[\totalheight]{\itshapef\/}}>Note>thatitisthetotalwidthoftheframedbGox,Cfincludingtheframe,whichis >setUUto\totalheight.I">TheotherchangeisanewpGossibilityforhp}'os!i:'shasbGeenaddedtolandr.>If 8hp}'os!i|vis 8sthenthetextisstretchedthefulllengthofthebGox,8makinguse>ofHHany`rubbGerlengths'(includinganyinter-wordspaces)inthecontentsofthe>bGox.Ifnnosuch`rubbGerlength'ispresent,tan`underfullbGox'willprobablybGe>proGduced.-($ff 1ͤLτ ffΟ1\parboxT[hposi[][hheighti][hinner-posi-Y]{hwidth9id}{htexti} ࡄ ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\begin{minipage}T[hposi[][hheighti][hinner-posi-Y]{hwidth9id}͡ ff͟Lτ ffΟ1htexti> ffͤLτ ffΟ1\end{minipage}< ff5ff %ō>AsjforthebGoxcommandsabove,\height,\width,etc.jmaybeusedinthe>[hheightظi"]UUargumenttodenotethenaturaldimensionsofthebGox.>Thehinner-p}'os!i9?argumentisnewinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2")f1.^Itistheverticalequivqalentto>the hp}'os!i~ argument for\makebox,etc,determining thepGositionofhtextظiwithin>thebGox.LThehinner-p}'os!i6AmaybGeanyoneoft,!b,c,ors,denotingtop,bGottom,>centered,+or`stretched'alignmentrespGectively*.QWhenthehinner-p}'os!i7Yargument>is YnotspGeci ed,8L5ffA͉TU>'ExXgivesitsamevqalueashp}'os!i|(thiscouldbethelatter's>defaultUUvqalue).(a$@ffn1ͤLτ ffΟ1\begin{lrbox}T{hcmdpi`}͡ ff ͟Lτ ffΟ1htextin4 ffͤLτ ffΟ1\end{lrbox}4m١ ff5ffnō>ThissavethetypGesethtextظi inthebinhcmdil.=Thusitislike\sbox{hcmdi.}{htextظi},>exceptUUthatanywhitespacebGeforeorafterthecontentshtextظiFisignored.>ThisiisveryusefulasitenablesbGoththe\verbcommandandtheverbatim>environmentUUtobGeusedwithinhtextظie.>ItCalsomakesitpGossibletode ne,Eforexample,a`framedbGox'environment.>This,isdoneby rstusingthisenvironmenttosavesometextinabinhcmdi>andUUthencalling\fbox{\usebox{hcmdi.}}.>TheNfollowingexamplede nesanenvironment,Ocalledfmpage,thatisaframed>versionUUofminipage.L,\newsavebox{\fmbox} L,\newenvironment{fmpage}[1]U{\begin{lrbox}{\fmbox}\begin{minipage}{#1}}U{\end{minipage}\end{lrbox}\fbox{\usebox{\fmbox}}}16y?>3.6\MeasuringthingsuT>The` rstofthesenextcommandswasinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09.1Thetwonewcommands >areUUtheobviousanalogues.'($@ffW1ͤLτ ffΟ1\settowidthT{hlength-cmdpi3̓}{hlrN3.7\Lineendings>The@command\\,Ewhichisusedtoindicatealine-endinvqariousplaces,isnowNewTdescription 1994/12/01>aUUrobustcommandwhenusedwithinargumentssuchassectiontitles.>Also,9bGecauseIitisoftennecessarytodistinguishwhichtypGeoflineistobeended,>we-haveintroGducedthefollowingnewcommand;ithasthesameargument>syntaxUUasthatof\\.o$@ff1ͤLτ ffΟ1\tabularnewlineT[hvertical-space i=4]͡ ff5ffNewTfeature 1994/12/01阍>Oneexampleofitsuseiswhenthetextinthelastcolumnofatabularen->vironmentdAissetwith\raggedright;then\tabularnewlinecanbGeusedto>indicatetheendofarowofthetabular,?whilst\\willindicatetheendofa>lineoftextinaparagraphwithinthecolumn.6ThiscommandcanbGeusedinthe>arrayHenvironmentaswellastabular,Jandalsotheextendedversionsofthese>environmentso eredbythearray3 andlongtablepackqagesinthetoGolscollection.!6>3.8\Controllingpagebreaks>Sometimessgitisnecessary*,fora nalversionofadoGcument,to`help'L5ffA͉TU>'ExX>breakLthepagesinthebGestway*.XL5ffA͉TU>'ExXL2.09hadavqarietyofcommandsfor>this^situation:\clearpage,\pagebreaketc.L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"1@provides,inaddition,>commandsUUwhichcanproGducelongerpagesaswellasshorterones."($ff^1ͤLτ ffΟ1\enlargethispageT{hsize ii} c ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\enlargethispage*T{hsize ii}͡ ff5ff^>Thesecommandsincreasetheheightofapage(fromitsnormalvqalueof>\textheight)lbythespGeci edamounthsize[i ,5arigidlength./zThischangea ects>only7ҲtheUUcurrentpage.>This;canbGeused,@forexample,toallowanextralinetobGe ttedontothepage>or,UUwithanegativelength,toproGduceapageshorterthannormal.17ꋠy?>Therstarformalsoshrinksanyverticalwhitespaceonthepageasmuchas >pGossible,UUsoasto tthemaximumamountoftextonthepage.>ThesecommandsdonotchangethepGositionofthefootertext;thus,6ifapageNewTdescription 1995/12/01>isUUlengthenedtoGofar,themaintextmayoverprintthefoGoter.!6>3.9\FloatsuT>There=isanewcommand,Bp\suppressfloats,and=anew` oatspGeci er'.iThese>willUUenablepGeopletogainbettercontrolofL5ffA͉TU>'ExX's oatplacementalgorithm.o$@ff[1ͤLτ ffΟ1\suppressfloatsT[hplacementi/]͡ ff5ff[阍>This0Vcommandstopsanyfurther oatingenvironmentsfrombGeingplacedon>the-currentpage.PWithanoptionalargument,AcwhichshouldbGeeithertorb>(nothbGoth),ethisrestrictionappliesonlytoputtingfurther oatsatthetoporat>thebGottom.NAny oatswhichwouldnormallybGeplacedonthispageareplaced>onUUthenextpageinstead.$@ffhF1ͤLτ ffΟ1TheTextra oatloAcationspeci er:1!͡ ff5ffhF阍>This.canbGeused,$alongwithatleastoneofhKh,t,bandp,intheloGcation>optionalUUargumentofa oat.>Ifaa!ispresentthen,ejustforthisparticular oat,wheneveritisproGcessedby>theUU oatmechanismthefollowingareignored:MWallUUrestrictionsonthenumbGerUUof oatswhichcanappear;MWallVjexplicitrestrictionsontheamountofspaceonatextpagewhichmayWbGeUUoccupiedby oatsormustbGeoccupiedbytext.>Themechanismwill,ޤhowever,stillattempttoensurethatpagesarenotoverfull>andUUthat oatsofthesametypGeareprintedinthecorrectorder.>NoteUUthatitspresencehasnoe ectontheproGductionof oatpages.>Ah{!h²spGeci eroverrideshthee ectofany\suppressfloatscommandforthis >particularUU oat.!6>3.10cFontchanging:textuT>The3fontselectionschemeusedinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"/di ersalotfromthatusedin>L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09. Inthissection,wegiveabriefdescriptionofthenewcommands.>AmoredetaileddescriptionwithexamplesisgiveninTheL雍QATKß'E-XComp}'anion,18y?>and%Ktheinterfaceforclass-andpackqage-writersisdescribGedinL雍QATKß'E-X2"-F;ont >Sele}'ction.Fa$@ff6G1ͤLτ ffΟ1\rmfamily͡ ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\sffamily͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\ttfamily͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\mdseries͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\bfseries͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\upshape c ffͤLτ ffΟ1\itshape c ffͤLτ ffΟ1\slshape c ffͤLτ ffΟ1\scshape c ff5ff6G@ō>These,arefontcommandswhoseuseisthesameasthecommands\rm,ۛ\bf,etc.>Thedi erenceisthateachcommandchangesjustoneattributeofthefont(the>attributeechangedispartofthename).Oneresultofthisisthat,jforexample,>\bfseries\itshapeproGducesbothachangeofseriesandachangeofshapGe,to>giveUUabGolditalicfont.N($ffM81ͤLτ ffΟ1\textrm{htexti}͡ ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\textsf{htexti}͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\texttt{htexti}͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\textmd{htexti}͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\textbf{htexti}͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\textup{htexti}͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\textit{htexti}͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\textsl{htexti}͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\textsc{htexti}͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\emph{htexti}? ff5ffM8Fō>Theseќareone-argumentcommands;theytakeasanargumentthetextwhich>istobGetypesetintheparticularfont.DTheyalsoautomaticallyinsertitalic>correctionswhereappropriate;ݢifyoudonotliketheresult,űyoucanaddanitalic>correctionowith\/orremoveoitwith\nocorr.DThe\nocorrshouldalwaysobGe>theUU rstorlastthingwithinthe{htextظi}argument.!6>3.11cFontchanging:mathuT>MostM1ofthefontsusedwithinmathmoGdedonotneedtobeexplicitlyinvoked;>but/touselettersfromarangeoffonts,thefollowingclassofcommandsis>provided.19Py?&f$@ffmɟ1ͤLτ ffΟ1\mathrmT{hlettersi }% ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\mathnormalT{hlettersi }͡ ffͤLτ ffΟ1\mathcalT{hlettersi } ffͤLτ ffΟ1\mathbfT{hlettersi }% ffͤLτ ffΟ1\mathsfT{hlettersi }% ffͤLτ ffΟ1\mathttT{hlettersi }% ffͤLτ ffΟ1\mathitT{hlettersi }% ff5ffmɎ5ō>Theselarealsoone-argumentcommandswhichtakeasanargumenttheletters >whicharetobGetypGesetintheparticularfont._TheargumentisproGcessedin>mathMmoGdesospaceswithinitwillbeignored.o Onlyletters,Ndigitsandaccents>have>'theirfontchanged,uforexample$\mathbf{\tilde?A\times1}$>'proGducesU?x~j>AHꤸ81X.)$>3.12cEnsuringmathmo`deo$@ff֚1ͤLτ ffΟ1\ensuremathT{hmathNIn'ExX2.09,/ifyouwantedacommandtoworkbGothinmathmodeandin>textUUmoGde,thesuggestedmethodwastode nesomethinglike:L,\newcommand{\Gp}{\mbox{$G_p$}}>Unfortunately*, "the`\mboxstops\Gpchangingsizecorrectlyin(forinstance)>subscriptsUUorafraction.&>InUUL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"+TyouUUcande neitthus:L,\newcommand{\Gp}{\ensuremath{G_p}}>NowUU\Gpwillworkcorrectlyinallcontexts.>ThisfEisbGecausethe\ensuremathdoesnothing,producingsimplyG_p,when >\GpisusedwithinmathmoGde;Cbutitensuresthatmathmodeisentered(and>exited)UUasrequiredwhen\GpisusedintextmoGde.)$>3.13cSettingtextsup`erscriptso$@ffzԔ1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textsuperscriptT{htexti}͡ ff5ffzԔ阍>InL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09textualsupGerscriptssuchasfootnotemarkerswereproGducedbyNewTfeature 1995/06/01>internally1enteringmathmoGdeandtypGesettingthenumbGerasamathsuper->script.k2ThisAnormallyloGoked nesincethedigitsinmathfontsarethesameas>those$intextfontswhenComputerMoGdernfontsareused.@bButwhenadi erent>doGcumentkHfont(suchasTimes)isselected,ptheresultsloGokratherstrange.F*or>this+reasonthecommand\textsuperscripthasbGeenintroducedwhichtypGe->setsitsargumentinthecurrenttextfont,inasupGerscriptpositionandinthe>correctUUsize.20 y?>3.14cTextcommands:allenco`dingsuT>One{ofthemaindi erencesbGetween{L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2",and{L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09isthatL5ffATU>'ExX2"NewTdescription 1994/12/01 >can?Mdealwithfontsinarbitraryenc}'odings./(A?font?MencoGdingisthesequence>of?charactersinthefont|forexampleaCyrillicfontwouldhaveadi erent>encoGdingUUfromaGreekfont.)>The>twoma8jorfontencoGdingsthatareusedforLatinlanguagessuchasEnglish>orGermanareOT1(DonaldKnuth's7-bitencoGding,XwhichhasbGeenusedduring>mostUUofTU>'ExX'slifetime)andT1(thenew8-bit`Cork'encoGding).>L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09onlysuppGortedtheOT1encoding,$whereasL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2".㺲hassupport>forLbGothOT1andT1built-in.EThenextsectionwillcoverLthenewcommands>which%0areavqailableifyouhaveT1-encoGdedfonts.XThissectiondescribGesnew>commandsUUwhichareavqailableinallencoGdings.>Most7ofthesecommandsprovidecharacterswhichwereavqailableinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09>already*._Forexample\textemdashgivesan`emdash',̿whichwasavqailablein>L5ffA͉TU>'ExXR2.09bytyping---.RqHowever, somefonts(forexampleaGreekfont)may>nothavethe---ligature,H2butyouwillstillbGeabletoaccessanemdashby>typingUU\textemdash.o$@ff5 1ͤLτ ffΟ1\r{htexti}͡ ff5ff5 NewTfeature 1994/12/01阍>ThisUUcommandgivesa`ring'accent,forexample`o'canbGetypGed\r{o}.$@ff,ß1ͤLτ ffΟ1\SS͡ ff5ff,ÎNewTfeature 1994/12/01>ThisTcommandproGducesaGerman`SS',thatisacapital`'.lThislettercan >hyphenateUUdi erentlyfrom`SS',soisneededforenteringall-capsGerman.$@ffd1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textcircled{htexti}͡ ff5ffd莎NewTfeature 1994/12/01>This@commandisusedtobuild`circledcharacters'suchas\copyright.1F*or >exampleUU\textcircled{a}proGducesUa UV.$@ff\R1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textcompwordmark͡ ff5ff\RNewTfeature 1994/12/01>This"commandisusedtoseparateletterswhichwouldnormallyligature..F*or >example5`fi'isproGducedwithf\textcompwordmark?i.Notethatthe`f'and>`i'havenotligaturedtoproGduce` '.ThisisrarelyusefulinEnglish(`shelfful'>isΨarareexampleofwhereitmightbGeused)butisusedinlanguagessuchas>German.o$@ff\R1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textvisiblespace͡ ff5ff\RNewTfeature 1994/12/0121hy?>ThisqcommandproGducesa`visiblespace'character`JffffJffff'.Thisissometimesused >inUUcomputerlistings,forexample`typGehelloUVffffUVffffworld'."($ffC}1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textemdashT\textendash\textexclamdown\textquestiondown5 ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\textquotedblleftT\textquotedblright\textquoteleft\textquoteright͡ ff5ffC}NewTfeature 1994/12/01ō>These"commandsproGducecharacterswhichwouldotherwisebGeaccessedvia>ligatures:G dligatur}'echar}'acterMc}'ommand ---5|M\textemdashF--J5{M\textendashF!`f<M\textexclamdownF?`mò>M\textquestiondownF``J5\M\textquotedblleftF''J5"M\textquotedblright`f`M\textquoteleft'f'M\textquoteright>The\reasonformakingthesecharactersdirectlyaccessibleissothattheywill>workUUinencoGdingswhichdonothavethesecharacters.o$@ff1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textbulletT\textperiodcentered͡ ff5ff鎎NewTfeature 1994/12/01阍>Thesecommandsallowaccesstocharacterswhichwerepreviouslyonlyavqailable>inUUmathmoGde:!.@dv5mathc}'ommandchar}'acter8textc}'ommandv5\bullet8\textbulletv5\cdot_8\textperiodcentered*a$@ffl/1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textbackslashT\textbar\textless\textgreater͡ ff5ffl/NewTfeature 1995/12/01>ThesecommandsallowaccesstoASCIGIcharacterswhichwereonlyavqailablein>verbatimUUormathmoGde:-.@d(.mathc}'ommandchar}'acterWtextc}'ommand(.\backslashnW\textbackslash(.\mid:XjW\textbar(.<W<W\textless(.>W>W\textgreater6a$@ff1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textasciicircumT\textasciitilde͡ ff5ffNewTfeature 1995/12/01>ThesecommandsallowaccesstoASCIGIcharacterswhichwerepreviouslyonly>avqailableUUinverbatim:22'Vy?dxverb}'atimytextc}'ommand ^y\textasciicircum~y\textasciitilde*a$@ffS1ͤLτ ffΟ1\textregisteredT\texttrademark͡ ff5ffSNewTfeature 1995/12/01阍>Thesecommandsprovidethe`registeredtrademark'(R)and`trademark'(TM) >symbGols.!6>3.15cTextcommands:theT1enco`dinguT>TheOT1fontencoGdingis nefortypGesettinginEnglish,buthasproblemswhenNewTdescription 1994/12/01>typGesettingotherlanguages.TheT1encodingsolvessomeoftheseproblems,>byprovidingextracharacters(suchas`eth'and`thorn'),*anditallowswords>containingEaccentedletterstobGehyphenated(aslongasyouhaveapackqagelike>babelUUwhichallowsfornon-Americanhyphenation).>ThisUsectiondescribGesthecommandsyoucanuseifyouhavetheT1fonts.T*ouse>them,3youЪneedtogettheDCЈfonts,3ortheT1-encoGdedPostScriptfonts,3asused>byBpsnfss.WlAllthesefontsareavqailablebyanonymousftpintheComprehensive>TU>'ExXLArchive,NnandarealsoavqailableonCD-ROMLin4allTKß'E-XTandPrimeTime>F;r}'eeware(bGothUUavqailablefromtheTU>'ExXUsersGroup).>Y*ouUUcanthenselecttheT1fontsbysaying:L,\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}>ThisUUwillallowyoutousethecommandsinthissection.>Note:SincethisdoGcumentmustbGeprocessableonanysiterunninganup->to-dateaL5ffA͉TU>'ExX,itdoGesnotcontainanycharactersthatarepresentonlyinT1->encoGded`Cfonts.Thismeansthatthisdocumentcannotshowyouwhatthese>glyphs{&loGoklike!:IfyouwanttoseethemthenrunL5ffA͉TU>'ExXonthedoGcument>fontsmplUUandrespGond`cmr'whenitpromptsyouforafamilyname.o$@ff5 1ͤLτ ffΟ1\k{htexti}͡ ff5ff5 NewTfeature 1994/12/01阍>ThisUUcommandproGducesan`ogonek'accent.$@ff]1ͤLτ ffΟ1\DHT\DJ\NG\TH\dh\dj\ng\th͡ ff5ff]NewTfeature 1994/12/01>TheseUUcommandsproGducecharacters`eth',`dbar',`eng',and`thorn'."($ff'K1ͤLτ ffΟ1\guillemotleftT\guillemotright\guilsinglleft\guilsinglright͡ ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\quotedblbaseT\quotesinglbase\textquotedblY5 ff5ff'KNewTfeature 1994/12/01232 y?>ThesecommandsproGducevqarioussortsofquotationmark.{nRoughrepresenta- >tionsUUofthemare:qǸa,,a",a'and"a".!6>3.16cLogos"k$ff-1ͤLτ ffΟ1\LaTeX c ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\LaTeXe͡ ff5ff->\LaTeX(proGducing`L5ffA͉TU>'ExX')isstillthe`main'logocommand, butifyouneedto>referUUtothenewfeatures,youcanwrite\LaTeXe(proGducing`L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"%S').>3.17cPicturecommands a$fff1ͤLτ ffΟ1\qbezier[hNpi](hAXkaiX,hAJYi7)(hBXkai,hBYiPd)(hCXkai,hCYil )͡ ff ͤLτ ff d1\bezier{hNpi}(hAXkaiX,hAJYi7)(hBXkai,hBYiPd)(hCXkai,hCYil )͡ ff5fffō>Ther`\qbeziercommandcanbGeusedinpicturemodetodrawaquadratic>Bezier\curvefrompGosition(hAXi9,hA;Y6i)to(hCXix,hCY6iN)withcontrolpGoint>(hBXiԛ,hBY6i02).TheoptionalargumenthNiݨgivesthenumbGerofpointsonthe>curve.>F*orUUexample,thediagram:BǍрff̎р45̎рОl̎сן5 ̎уD̎хk̎ч\d̎ъ̎э@V̎ѐh̎єxz̎јτ̎ѝ|̎ѢUڄ̎Ѩ̎Ѯ̎Ѵ`4v̎ѻ+˄̎Nu̎̎b̎R̎ՈFb̎եpn̎Kv̎F.z̎x̎*̎=W̎]ޟ0̎}̎֞&ֿ̎v?̎̎T̎$q̎G.̎jh̎׎Ä̎ױef̎*#̎ᐄ̎̎ED_̎j̎ؑr̎ظ ̎`_̎ ބ̎.>̎W̎f̎٩ )3̎r욄̎߰̎&t>̎Q8y̎|̎ڨc’̎Ԩވ̎NO̎.̎[۰̎ۈݢƄ̎۶jD̎02̎W̎Ct̎sn܍6̎ܣ\W4̎Ӳ!%̎~̎6۶̎hہ̎ݚM̎̎ʄ̎2ڳ̎fڀʄ̎ޛN̎̎ڄ̎:|ٺ̎p يr̎ߦ,Z̎&*(̎&̎KП̎~؝ׄ̎o̎B,̎-̎g`瘄̎׻x̎ǟ׏3̎Pc̎Qҟ8r̎, ̎Uֹ̎̎B?֏܄̎Пfr̎4>̎n̎9͟ք̎xj̎ ՞̎xxR̎7QÄ̎x*,:̎p|̎Ƅ̎;Լل̎~zԘT̎ßtڄ̎Q&̎G2.̎Z ̎EȄ̎Ƕ̎XӦ ̎ Ӆt̎Wd̎*LDք̎qV$΄̎܄̎J楄̎Gք̎ꏏҪ ̎بҌ"̎!xo?̎kdR̎6̎̎J6̎ބ̎ ǻ̎,ѭ̎yѓh̎z:̎`̎`G̎/̎f̎LG̎Є̎ ҄̎:̟лބ̎Х̎HА̎.{#̎hf̎RJ̎$,>̎vƟ+̎ʔ̎̎r̎ܟᗄ̎Pք̎q]ϿN̎ҟϮ^̎ϝք̎sȟώ̎K~ӄ̎"bpZ̎zat̎ҠS΄̎*E̎8 ̎ݣ+̎8Ƅ̎/̎2$̎G`̎ &̎T̎[̄̎ן˄̎̎s̎\ι̎/bΰ̎Ψ̎폟΢̎MΚ̎`Ε̎\Ύ̎n՟Ή̎϶΄6̎1̎{V̎w ̎Y.t̎ p̎ `n̎kل̎6i̎Mßh̎gF̎g7̎Οf̎рff̎`Ff̎f̎`Ff̎ff̎`Ff̎f̎`Ff̎ff̎`Ff̎f̎`Ff̎ff̎`Ff̎f̎`Ff̎ff̎`Ff̎f̎`Ff̎ff̎рO line10ۀ>isUUdrawnwith:L,\begin{picture}(50,50) ZY\thicklinesZY\qbezier(0,0)(0,50)(50,50)ZY\qbezier[20](0,0)(50,0)(50,50)ZY\thinlinesZY\put(0,0){\line(1,1){50}}L,\end{picture}>The\beziercommandisthesame,exceptthattheargumenthNiisnotop- >tional.ItדisprovidedforcompatibilitywiththeL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09bezierdoGcument>styleUUoption.24>Ty?>3.18cOldcommandso$@ff6G1ͤLτ ffΟ1\samepage͡ ff5ff6G阍>The\samepagecommandstillexistsbutisnolongerbGeingmaintained.WThisis >bGecause(hitonlyeverworkederratically;7bitdoGesnotguaranteethattherewillbGe>nozpage-breakswithinitsscopGe;nanditcancausefootnotesandmarginalstobe>wronglyUUplaced.>W*e`recommendusing\enlargethispageinconjunctionwithpage-breakcom->mandsUUsuchas\newpageand\pagebreaktohelpcontrolpagebreaks.$@ff-1ͤLτ ffΟ1\SLiTeX͡ ff5ff-阍>Since'ExXnolongerexists,tthelogoisnolongerde nedintheL5ffA͉TU>'EXkernel.>Asuitable2replacementis\textsc{Sli\TeX}._TheSliTU>'ExXlogoisde nedin>L5ffA͉TU>'ExXUU2.09compatibilitymoGde."=}$ff1ͤLτ ffΟ1\mhoT\Join\Box\Diamond\leadsto3hg ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\sqsubsetT\sqsupset\lhd\unlhd\rhd\unrhd͡ ff5ff鎎ō>These}symbGolsarecontainedintheL5ffA͉TU>'ExXsymbGolfont,whichwasautomatically>loadedbyL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09. -However,NTU>'ExXhasroGomforonlysixteenmathfont>families;thusy manyusersdiscoveredthattheyranout.Becauseofthis,L5ffA͉TU>'ExX>doGesUUnotloadtheL5ffA͉TU>'ExXsymbolfontunlessyouusethelatexsympackqage.>These$xsymbGolsarealsomadeavqailable,XAusingdi erentfonts,XAbytheamsfonts>packqage,whichFalsode nesalargenumbGerFofothersymbols..Itissuppliedby>theUUAmericanMathematicalSoGciety*.>The latexsympackqageisloadedautomaticallyinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09compatibilitymoGde.'č>4VLL++AnTL32EdXff2.09dos3cuments>L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"fPcanproGcess(almost)anyL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09document,0byenteringL雍QATKß'E-X=2.09>c}'ompatibility@mode.mNothinghaschanged,yourunL5ffA͉TU>'ExXinthesamewayyou>alwaysUUdid,andyouwillgetmuchthesameresults.>Theoreasonforthe`almost'isthatsomeL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09packqagesmadeuseoflow->level unsuppGortedfeaturesofL5ffA͉TU>'ExX.[Ifyoudiscoversuchapackqage,youshould> nds5outifithasbGeenupdatedtoworkwithL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"(߲.fMostpackqageswillstill>workwithL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"(l|theeasiestwayto ndoutwhetherapackqagestillworks>isUUtotryit!>L5ffA͉TU>'ExXN2.09compatibilitymoGdeisacomprehensiveemulationofL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09, but>atthecostoftime.{DoGcumentscanrunupto50%slowerincompatibility25\&y?>moGde>thantheydidunderL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09.WInaddition,Cmanyofthenewfeaturesof >L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"fareUUnotavqailableinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09compatibilitymoGde.!6>4.1\WarninguT>This'L雍QATKß'E-XL2.09c}'ompatibilityLmodeisprovidedsolelytoallowyoutoproGcessNewTdescription 1995/12/01>2.09doGcuments,i.e.documentsthatwerewritten(wehopGe,alongtimeago)for>an|veryoldsystemandthereforecouldbGeprocessedbyusingagenuineantique>L5ffA͉TU>'ExXUU2.09system.>Thisb_moGdeisthereforenotU7intendedtoprovideaccesstotheenhancedfeaturesof>L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"cS.ThusMitmustnotbGeusedtoprocessnewdocumentswhichmasquerade>asbD2.09doGcuments(i.e.theybeginwith\documentstyle)butwhichcouldnot>bGeprocessedusingthatgenuineantiqueL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09systembGecausetheycontain>someUUnew,L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"(-only*,commandsorenvironments.>T*opreventsuchmisuseofthesystem,andtheconsequenttroubleitcauses>whensuchmisleadinglyencoGdeddocumentsaredistributed,W|theL雍QATKß'E-XR2.09>c}'ompatibility8?modeRturnso mostofthesenewfeaturesandcommands.Any>attemptL^tousethemwillgiveyouanerrormessageand, moreover,manyL^of>them simplywillnotwork,+7whilstotherswillproGduceunpredictableresults.`;So>don'tbGothersendingusanybugreportsaboutsuchoccurencessincetheyare>intentional.!6>4.2\FontselectionproblemsuT>WhenHusingcompatibilitymoGde,K2itispossiblethatyouwill ndproblemswith>font-changing/ecommandsinsomeolddoGcuments.Theseproblemsareoftwo>typGes:MWproGducingUUerrormessages;MWnotUUproGducingthefontchangesyouexpGected.>InScaseoferrormessagesitispGossiblethatthedocument(oranoldstyle le >used%{therein)containsreferencestooldinternalcommandswhicharenolonger>de ned,UUseeSection6.2formoreinformationifthisisthecase.>OneexampleoftheunexpGectedisifyouuseoneofthenewstyleofmath-moGdeNewTdescription 1995/12/01>fontUUchangingcommandasfollows:>$\mathbf{xy}A$>Y*ouUUmaywell ndthatthisbGehavesasifyouhadput:26jy?>$\bf{xy}A$>everythingUUincludingtheAcomingoutbGold.>L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09allowedsitestocustomizetheirL5ffATU>'ExXinstallation,mwhichresultedin >doGcuments producingdi erentresultsondi erentL5ffA͉TU>'ExXinstallations.ML5ffATU>'ExX2">nolongerallowssomuchcustomizationbut,$SforcompatibilitywitholddoGcu->ments,qJthekloGcalcon guration lelatex209.cfgisloadedeverytimeL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2">entersUUL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09compatibilitymoGde.>F*orexample,ifyoursitewascustomizedtousetheNewF*ontSelectionScheme>(NFSS)CwithWtheoldlfontoption,thenyoucanmakeL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"+dXemulatethisby>creatingUUalatex209.cfg lecontainingthecommands:>\ExecuteOptions{oldlfont}\RequirePackage{oldlfont}>Similarly*,dto,emulateNFSS+ٲwiththenewlfontoption,youcancreatea>latex209.cfgUU lecontaining:>\ExecuteOptions{newlfont}\RequirePackage{newlfont}!6>4.3\Nativemo`deuT>T*oHrunanolddoGcumentfaster,KandusethenewfeaturesofL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"',youshould>tryUUusingL雍QATKß'E-X2",:nativemo}'de.qThisisdonebyreplacingthecommand:W\documentstyle[hoptions!i(",hp}'ackages!i-]{hclass!i }>with:W\documentclass[hoptions!i("]{hclass!i } W\usepackage{latexsym,hp}'ackages!i-}>However,some/doGcumentswhichcanbGeprocessedinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09compatibility>moGdermaynotworkinnativemoGde.SomeL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09packqageswillonlywork>with*L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"-in*2.09compatibilitymoGde.ESomedocumentswillcauseerrors>bGecauseUUofL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"('simprovedUUerrordetectionabilities.>But!mostL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09doGcumentscanbeprocessedbyL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2")u}'snativemoGde>with{theabGove{change.9Again,theeasiestwayto ndoutwhetheryourdoGcu->mentsUUcanbGeprocessedinnativemodeistotryit!27vy?>5VLLos3calffmodi cations>There_aretwo_commontypGesoflocalmodi cationsthatcanbedoneverysimply*.NewTdescription 1995/12/01 >DoAGnotforgetthatdoGcumentsproducedusingsuchmodi cationswillnotbe>usableUUatotherplaces(suchdoGcumentsarecalled`non-pGortable').>OnetypGeofmodi cationistheuseofpersonalcommandsforcommonlyused>symbGolsoorconstructions.[Theseshouldbeputintoapackqage le(forexample,>one calledmymacros.sty)andloadedbyputting\usepackage{mymacros}in>theUUdoGcumentpreamble.>AnothertypGeisalocaldocumentclassthatisverysimilartooneofthestandard>classesbutcontainssomestraightforwardmoGdi cationssuchasextraenviron->ments,Fdi erentvqaluesforsomeparameters,etc.mTheseshouldbGeputintoa>class& le;hereweshalldescribGeasimplemethodofconstructingsucha le>using,asianexample,aclasscalledlarticlethatisverysimilartothearticle>class.>Theclass lecalledlarticle.clsshould(afterthepreliminaryidenti cationNewTfeature 1995/12/01>commands)UUstartasfollows:L,\LoadClassWithOptions{article}>This commandshouldbGefollowed bywhateveradditionsandchangesyouwish>toUUmaketotheresultsofreadinginthe learticle.sty.>The&'e ectofusingtheabGove&'\LoadClassWithOptionscommandistoloadthe>standard6class learticlewithwhateveroptionsareaskedforbythedoGcument.>ThusxadoGcumentusingyourlarticleclasscanspGecifyanyoptionthatcouldbGe>spGeci edUUwhenusingthestandardarticleclass;forexample:L,\documentclass[a4paper,twocolumn,dvips]{larticle}'č>6VLProblems>ThisosectiondescribGessomeofthethingswhichmaygowrongwhenusing>L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"cS,UUandwhatyoucandoabGoutit.!6>6.1\NewerrormessagesuT>L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"fSʲhas anumbGer ofnewerrormessages.U`Pleasealsonotethatmanyerror>messagesUnowproGducefurtherhelpfulinformationifyoupresshinrespGonseto>theUUerrorprompt.28(y?$@ffj1ͤLτ ffΟ1Optionclashforpackagehpackage i+KH.͡ ff5ffj阍>The0namedpackqagehasbGeenloadedtwicewithdi erentoptions.RIfyouenterh >youRwillbGetoldwhattheoptionswere,forexample,ifyourdoGcumentcontained:pSL,\usepackage[foo]{fred} L,\usepackage[baz]{fred}pS>thenUUyouwillgettheerrormessage:L,Optionclashforpackagefred.>andUUtypinghatthe?promptwillgiveyou:L,Thepackagefredhasalreadybeenloadedwithoptions: U[foo]L,Therehasnowbeenanattempttoloaditwithoptions:U[baz]L,Addingtheline:U\usepackage[foo,baz]{fred}L,toyourdocumentmayfixthis.L,Trytypingtoproceed.>The cureis,assuggested,toloadthepackqagewithbGothsetsofoptions.:(Note >thatsinceL5ffA͉TU>'ExXpackqagescancallotherpackqages,itispGossibletogetapackqage>optionUUclashwithoutexplicitlyrequestingthesamepackqagetwice.o$@ff߽ٟ1ͤLτ ffΟ1Commandhcommandpi7тnotprovidedinbaseNFSS.͡ ff5ffَ߽阍>The4yhc}'ommandi8is4ynotprovidedbydefaultinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"(#.fThiserrorisgenerated>byUUusingoneofthecommands:pSL,\mho\Join\Box\Diamond\leadsto L,\sqsubset\sqsupset\lhd\unlhd\rhd\unrhd>whichUUarenowpartofthelatexsympackqage.qThecureistoadd:L,\usepackage{latexsym}>inUUthepreambleofyourdoGcument.o$@ff]ǟ1ͤLτ ffΟ1LaTeX2ecommandhcommandpi7тinLaTeX2.09document.͡ ff5ff]ǎ阍>Thehc}'ommandi7aisaL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"*commandbutthisisaL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09doGcument.?The >cure1NistoreplacethecommandbyaL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09command,8ortorundoGcument>inUUnativemoGde,asdescribedinSection4.3.29y?$@ffX1ͤLτ ffΟ1NFSSrelease1command\newmathalphabetfound.͡ ff5ffX阍>The!ncommand\newmathalphabetwasusedbytheNewF*ontSelectionScheme >Release1butithasnowbGeenreplacedby\DeclareMathAlphabet,theuseof>whichUUisdescribGedinL雍QATKß'E-X2",:F;ontSele}'ction.>ThebGestcureistoupdatethepackqagewhichcontainedthe\newmathalphabet>command.P\Findoutifthereisanewreleaseofthepackqage,or(ifyouwrote>thepackqageyourself)consultL雍QATKß'E-X2"+4F;ontUSele}'ction:forthenewsyntaxoffont>commands.>If6thereisnoupGdatedversionofthepackqagethenyoucancurethiserror>byOusingthenewlfontoroldlfontpackqage,jwhichtellsL5ffA͉TU>'ExXwhichversionof>\newmathalphabetUUshouldbGeemulated.>Y*ouOshoulduseoldlfontifthedoGcumentselectsmathfontswithsyntaxsuchas>this:W{\cal?A},UUetc.>UseUUnewlfontifthedoGcument'ssyntaxislikethis:W\cal{A},UUetc.o$@ffɟ1ͤLτ ffΟ1Textfor\verbcommandendedbyendofline.͡ ff5ffɎ阍>The=&\verbcommandhasbGeenbegunbutnotendedonthatline.):Thisusu- >ally;meansthatyouhaveforgottentoputintheend-characterofthe\verb>command.$@ff1ͤLτ ffΟ1Illegaluseof\verbcommand.͡ ff5ff阍>Thez,\verbcommandhasbGeenusedinsidetheargumentofanothercommand.>Thisb1hasneverbGeenallowedinL5ffA͉TU>'ExX|oftenproGducingincorrectoutputwithout>anyUUwarning|andsoL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"+TproGducesanerrormessage.!6>6.2\OldinternalcommandsuT>AnumbGer"ofL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09internalcommandshavebGeenremoved,Tsincetheir>functionalitybisnowprovidedinadi erentway*.dSeeL雍QATKß'E-X2".@"forClassand>Package|WritersO:for}moredetailsofthenew, suppGortedinterfaceforclassand>packqageUUwriters.30dy?I@$&ffvٟ1ͤLτ ffΟ1\tenrmT\elvrm\twlrm...Ww ff ͤLτ ffΟ1\tenbfT\elvbf\twlbf...Ww ffͤLτ ffΟ1\tensfT\elvsf\twlsf...Ww ffE͟LτEff1...v;sEff5ffvَ(>ThesecommandsprovidedaccesstotheseventyfontspreloadedbyL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09. >Incontrast,L5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"-Lnormallypreloadsatmostfourteenfonts,whichsavesa>lot1offontmemory;butaconsequenceisthatanyL5ffA͉TU>'ExX lewhichusedthe>abGoveUUcommandstodirectlyaccessfontswillnolongerwork.>TheirUUusewillusuallyproGduceanerrormessagesuchas:L,!Undefinedcontrolsequence. L,l.5\tenrm>The-cureforthisistoupGdatethedocumenttousethenewfont-changingcom->mandsUUprovidedbyL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2"(;thesearedescribGedinL雍QATKß'E-X2",:F;ontSele}'ction.>IfthisisnotpGossiblethen,ܩasalastresort,youcanusetherawfontspackqage,>which[PloadstheseventyL5ffA͉TU>'ExX2.09fontsandprovidesdirectaccesstothem>usingtheoldcommands.SThistakesbGothtimeandmemory*.Ifyoudonotwish>to?9loadallseventy?9fonts,Cyoucanselectsomeofthembyusingtheonlyoption>toUUrawfonts.qF*orexample,toloadonlytenrmandtenbfyouwrite:L,\usepackage[only,tenrm,tenbf]{rawfonts}>TherawfontspackqageisdistributedaspartoftheL5ffA͉TU>'ExXtoGolssoftware,$see>SectionUU2.4.!6>6.3\Old lesuT>OneofthemorecommonmistakesinrunningL5ffA͉TU>'ExXistoreadinoldversions>ofpackqagesinsteadofthenewversions.$Ifyougetanincomprehensibleerror>messagefromastandardpackqage,makesureyouareloadingthemostrecent>version1ofthepackqage.eY*oucan ndoutwhichversionofthepackqagehasbGeen>loadedUUbyloGokinginthelog leforalinelike:L,Package:fred1994/06/01v0.01Fred'spackage.>Y*oucanusethehr}'elease-date[i@Poptionsto\documentclassand\usepackageto>makeTNsurethatyouaregettingasuitablyrecentcopyofthedoGcumentclassor>packqage.@XThisisusefulwhensendingadoGcumenttoanothersite,whichmay>haveUUout-of-datesoftware.31 y?>6.4\WheretogoformorehelpuT>If]Do}'cumentPreparationSystemȲoreTheL雍QATKß'E-XCompanion.?"Ifeyouhaveaproblem>withinstallingL5ffA͉TU>'ExX,loGokintheinstallationguide leswhichcomewiththe>distribution.>IfUUthisdoGesn'thelp,contactyourloGcalL5ffA͉TU>'ExXguruorlocalL5ffA͉TU>'ExXmailinglist.>Ifyouthinkyou'vediscoveredabugthenpleaserepGortit!|First,Kyoushould > ndoutiftheproblemiswithathird-partypackqageorclass.5Iftheproblem>isj/causedbyapackqageorclassotherthanthoselistedinSection2thenplease>repGort\]theproblemtotheauthorofthepackqageorclass,nottotheL5ffA͉TU>'ExX3>pro8jectUUteam.>IfJthebugreallyiswithcoreL5ffA͉TU>'ExXthenyoushouldcreateashort,self-c}'ontained>doGcument whichexhibitstheproblem.8Y*oushouldrunar}'ecent(lessthanayear>old)jversionofL5ffA͉TU>'ExXonthe leandthenrunL5ffATU>'ExXonlatexbug.tex.aThis>willpcreateanerrorrepGortwhichyoushouldsend,togetherwiththesample>doGcument'ExXbugsaddresswhichcanbGefoundinthe le>latexbug.texUUorbugs.txt.'č>7VLEnjoy!>W*e#certainlyhopGeyouwillenjoyusingthenewstandardL5ffA͉TU>'ExXbut,ifthisis>notpGossible,wehopethatyouwillenjoysuccessandful llmentasaresultof>theUUdoGcumentswhichitwillhelpyoutocreate.>Ifyou ndthatthecontributionofL5ffA͉TU>'ExXtoyourlifeissuchthatyouwould>like4tosuppGorttheworkofthepro8jectteam,lthenpleasereadSection1.2and>discoverUUpracticalwaysUUtodothis.'č>References>[1]M;MichelRGoGossens,6F*rankMittelbachandAlexanderSamarin.5TheL雍QATKß'E-XM;Comp}'anion.nAddison-W*esley,UUReading,Massachusetts,UU1994.>[2]M;Donald]E.Knuth.TheTKß'E-Xb}'ook.Addison-W*esley,_Reading,Massachusetts,M;1986.nRevisedUUtocoverUUTU>'ExX3,1991.>[3]M;LeslieeLampGort.L雍QATKß'E-X:ADo}'cumentPreparationSystem.Addison-W*esley,M;Reading,UUMassachusetts,secondedition,1994.32;y 1j cmti90 cmsy9.ow cmss9-t}\cmti7,ߤN cmtt9+o cmr9* cmmi10 0ercmmi7K`y cmr10ٓRcmr7O line10: