\documentstyle[12pt]{article}
\input ipamacs

\font\smokefont=wsuipa17
\font\mf=cmr10
\def\deg{$^\circ$}

\def\vs #1{\vskip #1}
\def\meta{{\mf METAFONT}}
\def\wsu{{\ WSUIPA}}
\def\ipam{{ IPAMACS}}
\def\PL{{\it Phonetic Symbol Guide}}

\def\pos#1{\vs{10pt}\hrule width 1in\vs{1pt}\hrule width 1in
    \noindent\begin{tabular}{rl}
        \tenbf WSUIPA Char' Position: & #1\\ }
\def\pl#1{\tenbf Pullum \&\ Ladusaw name: & #1\\ }
\def\mac#1{\tenbf IPAMACS Name: & \tt\char'134 #1\\ }
\def\smoke#1{\tenbf IPA Character: & \smokefont\char#1
     \end{tabular}}

\begin{document}
\title{ Using the WSU International Phonetic Alphabet}
\author{}  % Janene Winter
\date{January 9, 1990}
\maketitle

\section{Preface}

This users guide is intended to serve as a help and supplement to the
Washington State University International Phonetic Alphabet (\wsu) fonts.
It is not intended to be a manual on \TeX, linguistics, or the correct usage of
the characters, accents and diacritics contained within the font.
It is assumed that the user is familiar with the version of \TeX\ he or she is
using and with the characters contained within the \wsu\ font.
Because the uses for a phonetic alphabet font are probably as varied as the
many disciplines which use the characters, this guide is intended to merely
show some of the most common ways of using the \wsu\ font. Surely each person
who implements the font will develop his or her own favorite way of working with
 and
using the font.

The principal
source of information regarding the characters and their shapes has come from
sources within the linguistic field---most
notably, Geoffrey K. Pullum and William A. Ladusaw, whose book, {\it Phonetic
Symbol Guide} was used extensively.
The \PL\  not only lists the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) characters
and diacritics, it also
gives an enlarged illustration of each character which shows its baseline,
height, depth and x-height. These character illustrations were invaluable
in the design of the \wsu\ \meta\ characters.

Several other people involved
in the wonderful world of linguistics also aided in the design of the \wsu\
font. Their input concerning everything
from character shape, to placement within the font, to determining which
characters should be included, is gratefully acknowledged. I would especially
like to thank Karen Mullen, Associate Professor of English, University of
Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.  She tested, used the \wsu\ fonts, and took
the time to give several suggestions and recommendations that have improved
the font. Also, Christina A. Thiele, Managing Director, Journal Production
 Centre,
Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, who not only provided a wealth
of phonetic information, but also a wealth of encouragement throughout
the entire font designing process.


Included with the \wsu\ fonts are:

\begin{enumerate}
\item
The basic \wsu\ font which contains 128 phonetic characters
and/or diacritics in six different point sizes (8,
9, 10, 11, 12 and 17) and in
three typefaces (roman, slanted and bold extended).

\item Each size and typeface includes a TFM (\TeX\ Font Metric)
file and its related GF, PK or PXL file.

\item A macro package (\ipam.TEX) for use with the \wsu\ font, and

\item the {\it WSUIPA Font User's Guide}.
\end{enumerate}

This guide is divided into three main sections: 1) an introduction to the \wsu\
font,
2) a description of the font layout and the characters included in the font
and 3) some \TeX niques for use with the \wsu\  fonts.

Although the \wsu\ fonts are written in \meta , the user does not need
experience with or knowledge of \meta\ to use the font. However, at least a
beginning understanding of \TeX\ and the use of fonts in the \TeX\ environment
{\it is} necessary. For information about either \TeX\ or font usage in \TeX ,
see {\it The \TeX book} by Donald Knuth.

\section{Introduction to the WSUIPA Font}

The \wsu\  fonts are written in \meta\ and use the same font parameter values
as their Computer Modern (CM) counterparts (cmr and cmbx). In fact, while
designing the character shapes, the computer modern code was left intact or
modified only slightly whenever possible. Therefore, the \wsu\  fonts
are totally compatible with computer modern fonts---the design and shape
of the characters are computer modern wherever possible. For the characters
that are drastically different from any computer modern characters or symbols,
such as the ``Gamma,'' ``Baby Gamma'' and the ``Esh,'' Pullum and Ladusaw's
{\it Phonetic Symbol Guide} was used as the character design
standard.

The \wsu\  fonts are obviously not an exhaustive collection of phonetic or
even recognized International Phonetic Alphabet characters. The characters
included in the \wsu\  font were chosen either because they were listed
as a ``major'' entry in Pullum and Ladusaw's {\it Guide\/},
or because of the recommendations from
various people with an interest in the font.

The {\it Guide} contains what it classifies as ``major'' and ``minor''
characters, based upon whether the symbol is an officially recognized IPA
character or is determined by Pullum and Ladusaw
to be a standard symbol in current American
transcriptual practice. The {\it Guide}
lists 78 ``major'' entries which are not easily
attainable in the CM fonts. All 78 of these characters are included in the
\wsu\  font, along with 50 ``minor'' entries from the {\it Guide}.
The selection of which
``minor'' entries to include was based on information and requests from
various phoneticians and linguists who contacted WSU during the beginning
stages of the creation of the font.

\section{The Layout of the WSUIPA Font}

The character-grouping pattern followed by Pullum and Ladusaw in their
{\it Guide} was adopted as the basis
for the \wsu\ font layout. The characters
are grouped together according to shape rather than usage. Therefore,
the ``a'' shapes occupy
the first positions: '00 through '04, ``b'' shapes are in positions '05
through '11 and so forth. The accents and diacritics follow the character
shapes and are in the last positions in the font. This approach was taken
because under it was assumed that under most circumstances,
the user would most likely be accessing the characters with the use of macros
rather than by typing large portions of entirely phonetic text.
Aside from keeping like shapes together, the positioning of the
\wsu\  font was fairly arbitrary.

\section{Character Description}

Within this section each of the \wsu\  characters are shown in a \meta\
``smoke mode'' proof. The octal character position is indicated, along with the
corresponding macro name in \ipam, and the
name of the character given in P\&L.
Only the roman characters will be illustrated since the shapes of the slanted
and bold extended are the same.

There are several Greek characters included in the \wsu\ font, and initially
it may appear these are merely copies of the corresponding CM Greek characters.
That is true with one very important distinction: the \wsu\ Greek characters
included are not italic. All the lowercase Greek characters included in
the CM fonts are italic which makes them unsuitable for some situations in
phonetics where a non-italic Greek character is essential.
\newpage
\raggedbottom
\vbox{ \pos{'00}\mac{inva}\pl{turned a}\smoke{'00}}

\vbox{ \pos{'01}\mac{scripta}\pl{script a}\smoke{'01}}

\vbox{ \pos{'02}\mac{nialpha}\pl{lowercase non-italic alpha}\smoke{'02}
}

\vbox{\pos{'03}\mac{invscripta}\pl{turned script a}\smoke{'03}}

\vbox{\pos{'04}\mac{invv}\pl{inverted v}\smoke{'04}}

\vbox{\pos{'05}\mac{crossb}\pl{crossed b}\smoke{'05}}

\vbox{\pos{'06}\mac{barb}\pl{barred b}\smoke{'06}}

\vbox{\pos{'07}\mac{slashb}\pl{slashed b}\smoke{'07}}

\vbox{\pos{'10}\mac{hookb}\pl{hooktop b}\smoke{'10}}

\vbox{\pos{'11}\mac{nibeta}\pl{non-italic lowercase beta}\smoke{'11}}

\vbox{\pos{'12}\mac{slashc}\pl{slashed c}\smoke{'12}}

\vbox{\pos{'13}\mac{curlyc}\pl{curly-tail c}\smoke{'13}}

\vbox{\pos{'14}\mac{clickc}\pl{stretched c}\smoke{'14}}

\vbox{\pos{'15}\mac{crossd}\pl{crossed d}\smoke{'15}}

\vbox{\pos{'16}\mac{bard}\pl{barred d}\smoke{'16}}

\vbox{\pos{'17}\mac{slashd}\pl{slashed d}\smoke{'17}}

\vbox{\pos{'20}\mac{hookd}\pl{hooktop d}\smoke{'20}}

\vbox{\pos{'21}\mac{taild}\pl{right-tail d}\smoke{'21}}

\vbox{\pos{'22}\mac{dz}\pl{d-yogh ligature}\smoke{'22}}

\vbox{\pos{'23}\mac{eth}\pl{eth}\smoke{'23}}

\vbox{\pos{'24}\mac{scd}\pl{small capital D}\smoke{'24}}

\vbox{\pos{'25}\mac{schwa}\pl{schwa}\smoke{'25}}

\vbox{\pos{'26}\mac{er}\pl{right-hook schwa}\smoke{'26}}

\vbox{\pos{'27}\mac{reve}\pl{reversed e}\smoke{'27}}

\vbox{\pos{'30}\mac{niepsilon}\pl{non-italic greek epsilon}\smoke{'30}}

\vbox{\pos{'31}\mac{revepsilon}\pl{reversed non-italic epsilon}\smoke{'31}}

\vbox{\pos{'32}\mac{hookrevepsilon}\pl{right-hook reversed non-italic epsilon}
\smoke{'32}}

\vbox{\pos{'33}\mac{closedrevepsilon}\pl{closed reversed non-italic epsilon}
\smoke{'33}}

\vbox{\pos{'34}\mac{scriptg}\pl{lowercase variant g}\smoke{'34}}

\vbox{\pos{'35}\mac{hookg}\pl{hooktop g}\smoke{'35}}

\vbox{\pos{'36}\mac{scg}\pl{small capital G}\smoke{'36}}

\vbox{\pos{'37}\mac{nigamma}\pl{non-italic gamma}\smoke{'37}}

\vbox{\pos{'40}\mac{ipagamma}\pl{IPA Gamma}\smoke{'40}}

\vbox{\pos{'41}\mac{babygamma}\pl{baby gamma}\smoke{'41}}

\vbox{\pos{'42}\mac{hv}\pl{h-v ligature}\smoke{'42}}

\vbox{\pos{'43}\mac{crossh}\pl{crossed h}\smoke{'43}}

\vbox{\pos{'44}\mac{hookg}\pl{hooktop g}\smoke{'44}}

\vbox{\pos{'45}\mac{hookheng}\pl{hooktop heng}\smoke{'45}}

\vbox{\pos{'46}\mac{invh}\pl{turned h}\smoke{'46}}

\vbox{\pos{'47}\mac{bari}\pl{barred i}\smoke{'47}}

\vbox{\pos{'50}\mac{dlbari}\pl{barred dotless i}\smoke{'50}}

\vbox{\pos{'51}\mac{niiota}\pl{non-italic greek iota}\smoke{'51}}

\vbox{\pos{'52}\mac{sci}\pl{small capital I}\smoke{'52}}

\vbox{\pos{'53}\mac{barsci}\pl{barred small capital I}\smoke{'53}}

\vbox{\pos{'54}\mac{invf}\pl{barred dotless j}\smoke{'54}}

\vbox{\pos{'55}\mac{tildel}\pl{l with tilde}\smoke{'55}}

\vbox{\pos{'56}\mac{barl}\pl{barred l}\smoke{'56}}

\vbox{\pos{'57}\mac{latfric}\pl{belted l}\smoke{'57}}

\vbox{\pos{'60}\mac{taill}\pl{l with right tail}\smoke{'60}}

\vbox{\pos{'61}\mac{lz}\pl{l-yogh ligature}\smoke{'61}}

\vbox{\pos{'62}\mac{nilambda}\pl{non-italic greek lambda}\smoke{'62}}

\vbox{\pos{'63}\mac{crossnilambda}\pl{crossed lambda}\smoke{'63}}

\vbox{\pos{'64}\mac{labdentalnas}
\pl{m with leftward tail at right}\smoke{'64}}

\vbox{\pos{'65}\mac{invm}\pl{turned m}\smoke{'65}}

\vbox{\pos{'66}\mac{legm}\pl{turned m with long right leg}\smoke{'66}}

\vbox{\pos{'67}\mac{nj}\pl{n with leftward hook at left}\smoke{'67}}

\vbox{\pos{'70}\mac{eng}\pl{eng}\smoke{'70}}

\vbox{\pos{'71}\mac{tailn}\pl{n with right tail}\smoke{'71}}

\vbox{\pos{'72}\mac{scn}\pl{small capital N}\smoke{'72}}

\vbox{\pos{'73}\mac{clickb}\pl{bull's eye}\smoke{'73}}

\vbox{\pos{'74}\mac{baro}\pl{barred o}\smoke{'74}}

\vbox{\pos{'75}\mac{openo}\pl{open o}\smoke{'75}}

\vbox{\pos{'76}\mac{niomega}\pl{non-italic lowercase greek omega}\smoke{'76}}

\vbox{\pos{'77}\mac{closedniomega}\pl{closed omega}\smoke{'77}}

\vbox{\pos{'100}\mac{oo}\pl{double o}\smoke{'100}}

\vbox{\pos{'101}\mac{barp}\pl{barred p}\smoke{'101}}

\vbox{\pos{'102}\mac{thorn}\pl{thorn}\smoke{'102}}

\vbox{\pos{'103}\mac{niphi}\pl{non-italic lowercase greek phi}\smoke{'102}}

\vbox{\pos{'104}\mac{flapr}\pl{fish hook r}\smoke{'104}}

\vbox{\pos{'105}\mac{legr}\pl{r with long leg}\smoke{'105}}

\vbox{\pos{'106}\mac{tailr}\pl{r with right tail}\smoke{'106}}

\vbox{\pos{'107}\mac{invr}\pl{turned r}\smoke{'107}}

\vbox{\pos{'110}\mac{tailinvr}\pl{turned r with right tail}\smoke{'110}}

\vbox{\pos{'111}\mac{invlegr}\pl{turned long-legged r}\smoke{'111}}

\vbox{\pos{'112}\mac{scr}\pl{small capital R}\smoke{'112}}

\vbox{\pos{'113}\mac{invscr}\pl{inverted small capital R}\smoke{'113}}

\vbox{\pos{'114}\mac{tails}\pl{s with right tail}\smoke{'114}}

\vbox{\pos{'115}\mac{esh}\pl{esh}\smoke{'115}}

\vbox{\pos{'116}\mac{curlyesh}\pl{curly-tail esh}\smoke{'116}}

\vbox{\pos{'117}\mac{nisigma}\pl{non-italic lowercase greek sigma}\smoke{'117}}

\vbox{\pos{'120}\mac{tailt}\pl{t with right tail}\smoke{'120}}

\vbox{\pos{'121}\mac{tesh}\pl{t-esh ligature}\smoke{'121}}

\vbox{\pos{'122}\mac{clickt}\pl{turned t}\smoke{'122}}

\vbox{\pos{'123}\mac{nitheta}\pl{non-italic lowercase greek theta}\smoke{'123}}

\vbox{\pos{'124}\mac{baru}\pl{barred u}\smoke{'124}}

\vbox{\pos{'125}\mac{slashu}\pl{slashed u}\smoke{'124}}

\vbox{\pos{'126}\mac{niupsilon}\pl{non-italic lowercase greek
 upsilon}\smoke{'126}}

\vbox{\pos{'127}\mac{scu}\pl{small capital U}\smoke{'127}}

\vbox{\pos{'130}\mac{barscu}\pl{barred small capital U}\smoke{'130}}

\vbox{\pos{'131}\mac{scriptv}\pl{script v}\smoke{'131}}

\vbox{\pos{'132}\mac{invw}\pl{inverted w}\smoke{'132}}

\vbox{\pos{'133}\mac{nichi}\pl{non-italic lowercase greek chi}\smoke{'133}}

\vbox{\pos{'134}\mac{invy}\pl{turned y}\smoke{'134}}

\vbox{\pos{'135}\mac{scy}\pl{small capital Y}\smoke{'135}}

\vbox{\pos{'136}\mac{curlyz}\pl{curly-tail z}\smoke{'136}}

\vbox{\pos{'137}\mac{tailz}\pl{z with right tail}\smoke{'137}}

\vbox{\pos{'140}\mac{yogh}\pl{yogh}\smoke{'140}}

\vbox{\pos{'141}\mac{curlyyogh}\pl{curly-tail yogh}\smoke{'141}}

\vbox{\pos{'142}\mac{glotstop}\pl{glottal stop}\smoke{'142}}

\vbox{\pos{'143}\mac{revglotstop}\pl{reversed glottal stop}\smoke{'143}}

\vbox{\pos