%%
%% This is file `amsmath.sty',
%% generated with the docstrip utility.
%%
%% The original source files were:
%%
%% amsmath.dtx 
%% 
%%% ====================================================================
%%% @LaTeX-file{
%%%   filename  = "amsmath.dtx",
%%%   version   = "1.2d",
%%%   date      = "1997/03/20",
%%%   time      = "16:25:04 EST",
%%%   author    = "American Mathematical Society",
%%%   copyright = "Copyright (C) 1996 American Mathematical Society,
%%%                all rights reserved.  Copying of this file is
%%%                authorized only if either:
%%%                (1) you make absolutely no changes to your copy,
%%%                including name; OR
%%%                (2) if you do make changes, you first rename it
%%%                to some other name.",
%%%   address   = "American Mathematical Society,
%%%                Technical Support,
%%%                Electronic Products and Services,
%%%                P. O. Box 6248,
%%%                Providence, RI 02940,
%%%                USA",
%%%   telephone = "401-455-4080 or (in the USA and Canada)
%%%                800-321-4AMS (321-4267)",
%%%   FAX       = "401-331-3842",
%%%   checksum  = "45539 4982 18193 174456",
%%%   email     = "tech-support@ams.org (Internet)",
%%%   codetable = "ISO/ASCII",
%%%   keywords  = "latex, amslatex, ams-latex, math, amsmath",
%%%   supported = "yes",
%%%   abstract  = "This is part of the AMS-\LaTeX{} distribution. It
%%%                provides a variety of extra mathematical features,
%%%                largely derived from AMS-\TeX{}.",
%%%   docstring = "The checksum field above contains a CRC-16 checksum
%%%                as the first value, followed by the equivalent of
%%%                the standard UNIX wc (word count) utility output of
%%%                lines, words, and characters.  This is produced by
%%%                Robert Solovay's checksum utility.",
%%% }
%%% ====================================================================
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}% LaTeX 2.09 can't be used (nor non-LaTeX)
[1994/12/01]% LaTeX date must December 1994 or later
\ProvidesPackage{amsmath}[1997/03/20 v1.2d AMS math features]
\DeclareOption{intlimits}{\let\ilimits@\displaylimits}
\DeclareOption{nointlimits}{\let\ilimits@\nolimits}
\DeclareOption{sumlimits}{\let\slimits@\displaylimits}
\DeclareOption{nosumlimits}{\let\slimits@\nolimits}
\DeclareOption{namelimits}{\PassOptionsToPackage{namelimits}{amsopn}}
\DeclareOption{nonamelimits}{%
  \PassOptionsToPackage{nonamelimits}{amsopn}}
\newif\ifctagsplit@
\newif\iftagsleft@
\DeclareOption{leqno}{\tagsleft@true}
\DeclareOption{reqno}{\tagsleft@false}
\DeclareOption{centertags}{\ctagsplit@true}
\DeclareOption{tbtags}{\ctagsplit@false}
\DeclareOption{cmex10}{%
  \ifnum\cmex@opt=\@ne \def\cmex@opt{0}%
  \else \def\cmex@opt{10}\fi
}
\@ifundefined{cmex@opt}{\def\cmex@opt{7}}{}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\newif\if@fleqn
\newskip\@mathmargin
\@mathmargin\@centering
\DeclareOption{fleqn}{%
    \@fleqntrue
    \@mathmargin = -1sp
    \AtBeginDocument{%
        \ifdim\@mathmargin= -1sp
            \@mathmargin\leftmargini
        \fi
    }%
}
\ExecuteOptions{nointlimits,sumlimits,namelimits,centertags}
\ProcessOptions\relax
\ifnum\cmex@opt=7 \relax
  \DeclareFontShape{OMX}{cmex}{m}{n}{%
    <-8>cmex7<8>cmex8<9>cmex9%
    <10><10.95><12><14.4><17.28><20.74><24.88>cmex10%
  }{}%
  \expandafter\let\csname OMX/cmex/m/n/10\endcsname\relax
\else
  \ifnum\cmex@opt=\z@ % need to override cmex7 fontdef from amsfonts
    \begingroup
    \fontencoding{OMX}\fontfamily{cmex}%
    \expandafter\let\csname OMX+cmex\endcsname\relax
    \try@load@fontshape
    \endgroup
    \expandafter\let\csname OMX/cmex/m/n/10\endcsname\relax
    \def\cmex@opt{10}%
  \fi
\fi
\RequirePackage{amstext}[1995/01/25]
\RequirePackage{amsbsy}[1995/01/20]
\RequirePackage{amsopn}[1995/01/20]
\def\@amsmath@err{\PackageError{amsmath}}
\def\AmS{{\protect\AmSfont
  A\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox{M}\kern-.125emS}}
\def\AmSfont{%
  \usefont{OMS}{cmsy}{\if\@xp\@car\f@series\@nil bb\else m\fi}{n}}
\def\pr@m@s{%
  \ifx\@let@token'\DN@##1{\prim@s}\else\let\next@\egroup\fi\next@}
\def\prim@s{\prime\futurelet\@let@token\pr@m@s}
\let\@prime=\prime
\renewcommand{\prime}{{\kern\z@\@prime}}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\tmspace}[3]{%
  \ifmmode\mskip#1#2\else\kern#1#3\fi\relax}
\renewcommand{\,}{\tmspace+\thinmuskip{.1667em}}
\let\thinspace\,
\renewcommand{\!}{\tmspace-\thinmuskip{.1667em}}
\let\negthinspace\!
\renewcommand{\:}{\tmspace+\medmuskip{.2222em}}
\let\medspace\:
\newcommand{\negmedspace}{\tmspace-\medmuskip{.2222em}}
\renewcommand{\;}{\tmspace+\thickmuskip{.2777em}}
\let\thickspace\;
\newcommand{\negthickspace}{\tmspace-\thickmuskip{.2777em}}
\newcommand{\mspace}[1]{\mskip#1\relax}
\begingroup\catcode`\"=12
\def\@tempa#1{\expandafter\@tempb\meaning#1\relax\relax\relax\relax"0000\@nil#1}
\def\@tempb#1"#2#3#4#5#6\@nil#7{%
  \ifnum"#2=7 \count@"1#3#4#5\relax
    \ifnum\count@<"1000 \else \global\mathchardef#7="0#3#4#5\relax \fi
  \fi}
\@tempa\Gamma \@tempa\Delta \@tempa\Theta \@tempa\Lambda \@tempa\Xi
\@tempa\Pi \@tempa\Sigma \@tempa\Upsilon \@tempa\Phi \@tempa\Psi
\@tempa\Omega
\@ifundefined{varGamma}{%
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varGamma}{\mathord}{letters}{"00}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varDelta}{\mathord}{letters}{"01}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varTheta}{\mathord}{letters}{"02}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varLambda}{\mathord}{letters}{"03}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varXi}{\mathord}{letters}{"04}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varPi}{\mathord}{letters}{"05}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varSigma}{\mathord}{letters}{"06}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varUpsilon}{\mathord}{letters}{"07}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varPhi}{\mathord}{letters}{"08}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varPsi}{\mathord}{letters}{"09}
  \DeclareMathSymbol{\varOmega}{\mathord}{letters}{"0A}
}{}
\endgroup
\begingroup \catcode`\"=12
\gdef\@@sqrt#1{\radical"270370 {#1}}
\endgroup
\@saveprimitive\overline\@@overline
\def\overline#1{\@@overline{#1}}
\def\boxed#1{\fbox{\m@th$\displaystyle#1$}}
\def\implies{\DOTSB\;\Longrightarrow\;}
\def\impliedby{\DOTSB\;\Longleftarrow\;}
\begingroup \catcode`\"=12 % in case activated by a preceding package
\gdef\And{\DOTSB\;\mathchar"3026 \;}
\@tempcnta=\@xp\@gobble\vert \advance\@tempcnta "4000000
\xdef\lvert{\delimiter\number\@tempcnta\space }
\advance\@tempcnta "1000000
\xdef\rvert{\delimiter\number\@tempcnta\space }
\@tempcnta=\@xp\@gobble\Vert \advance\@tempcnta "4000000
\xdef\lVert{\delimiter\number\@tempcnta\space }
\advance\@tempcnta "1000000
\xdef\rVert{\delimiter\number\@tempcnta\space }
\endgroup % restore "
\@saveprimitive\over\@@over
\@saveprimitive\atop\@@atop
\@saveprimitive\above\@@above
\@saveprimitive\overwithdelims\@@overwithdelims
\@saveprimitive\atopwithdelims\@@atopwithdelims
\@saveprimitive\abovewithdelims\@@abovewithdelims
\DeclareRobustCommand{\primfrac}[1]{%
  \PackageWarning{amsmath}{%
Foreign command \@backslashchar#1; %
\protect\frac\space or \protect\genfrac\space should be used instead%
  }
  \global\@xp\let\csname#1\@xp\endcsname\csname @@#1\endcsname
  \csname#1\endcsname
}
\renewcommand{\over}{\primfrac{over}}
\renewcommand{\atop}{\primfrac{atop}}
\renewcommand{\above}{\primfrac{above}}
\renewcommand{\overwithdelims}{\primfrac{overwithdelims}}
\renewcommand{\atopwithdelims}{\primfrac{atopwithdelims}}
\renewcommand{\abovewithdelims}{\primfrac{abovewithdelims}}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\frac}[2]{{\begingroup#1\endgroup\@@over#2}}
\newcommand{\dfrac}{\genfrac{}{}{}0}
\newcommand{\tfrac}{\genfrac{}{}{}1}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\binom}{\genfrac()\z@{}}
\newcommand{\dbinom}{\genfrac(){0pt}0}
\newcommand{\tbinom}{\genfrac(){0pt}1}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\genfrac}[4]{%
  \def\@tempa{#1#2}%
  \edef\@tempb{\@nx\@genfrac\@mathstyle{#4}%
    \csname @@\ifx @#3@over\else above\fi
    \ifx\@tempa\@empty \else withdelims\fi\endcsname}
  \@tempb{#1#2#3}}
\def\@genfrac#1#2#3#4#5{{#1{\begingroup#4\endgroup#2#3\relax#5}}}
\def\@mathstyle#1{%
  \ifx\@empty#1\@empty\relax
  \else\ifcase#1\displaystyle % case 0
    \or\textstyle\or\scriptstyle\else\scriptscriptstyle\fi\fi}
\def\colon{\nobreak\mskip2mu\mathpunct{}\nonscript
  \mkern-\thinmuskip{:}\mskip6muplus1mu\relax}
\begingroup \catcode`\"=12
\edef\@tempa{\string\mathchar"}
\def\@tempb#1"#2\@nil{#1"}
\edef\@tempc{\expandafter\@tempb\meaning\coprod "\@nil}
\ifx\@tempa\@tempc
  \global\let\coprod@\coprod
  \gdef\coprod{\DOTSB\coprod@\slimits@}
  \global\let\bigvee@\bigvee
  \gdef\bigvee{\DOTSB\bigvee@\slimits@}
  \global\let\bigwedge@\bigwedge
  \gdef\bigwedge{\DOTSB\bigwedge@\slimits@}
  \global\let\biguplus@\biguplus
  \gdef\biguplus{\DOTSB\biguplus@\slimits@}
  \global\let\bigcap@\bigcap
  \gdef\bigcap{\DOTSB\bigcap@\slimits@}
  \global\let\bigcup@\bigcup
  \gdef\bigcup{\DOTSB\bigcup@\slimits@}
  \global\let\prod@\prod
  \gdef\prod{\DOTSB\prod@\slimits@}
  \global\let\sum@\sum
  \gdef\sum{\DOTSB\sum@\slimits@}
  \global\let\bigotimes@\bigotimes
  \gdef\bigotimes{\DOTSB\bigotimes@\slimits@}
  \global\let\bigoplus@\bigoplus
  \gdef\bigoplus{\DOTSB\bigoplus@\slimits@}
  \global\let\bigodot@\bigodot
  \gdef\bigodot{\DOTSB\bigodot@\slimits@}
  \global\let\bigsqcup@\bigsqcup
  \gdef\bigsqcup{\DOTSB\bigsqcup@\slimits@}
\fi
\endgroup
\newcommand{\nobreakdash}{\leavevmode
  \toks@\@emptytoks \def\@tempa##1{\toks@\@xp{\the\toks@-}\FN@\next@}%
  \DN@{\ifx\@let@token-\@xp\@tempa
       \else\setboxz@h{\the\toks@\nobreak}\unhbox\z@\fi}%
  \FN@\next@
}
\def\leftroot{\@amsmath@err{\Invalid@@\leftroot}\@eha}
\def\uproot{\@amsmath@err{\Invalid@@\uproot}\@eha}
\newcount\uproot@
\newcount\leftroot@
\def\root{\relaxnext@
  \DN@{\ifx\@let@token\uproot\let\next@\nextii@\else
   \ifx\@let@token\leftroot\let\next@\nextiii@\else
   \let\next@\plainroot@\fi\fi\next@}%
  \def\nextii@\uproot##1{\uproot@##1\relax\FN@\nextiv@}%
  \def\nextiv@{\ifx\@let@token\@sptoken\DN@. {\FN@\nextv@}\else
   \DN@.{\FN@\nextv@}\fi\next@.}%
  \def\nextv@{\ifx\@let@token\leftroot\let\next@\nextvi@\else
   \let\next@\plainroot@\fi\next@}%
  \def\nextvi@\leftroot##1{\leftroot@##1\relax\plainroot@}%
   \def\nextiii@\leftroot##1{\leftroot@##1\relax\FN@\nextvii@}%
  \def\nextvii@{\ifx\@let@token\@sptoken
   \DN@. {\FN@\nextviii@}\else
   \DN@.{\FN@\nextviii@}\fi\next@.}%
  \def\nextviii@{\ifx\@let@token\uproot\let\next@\nextix@\else
   \let\next@\plainroot@\fi\next@}%
  \def\nextix@\uproot##1{\uproot@##1\relax\plainroot@}%
  \bgroup\uproot@\z@\leftroot@\z@\FN@\next@}
\def\plainroot@#1\of#2{\setbox\rootbox\hbox{%
 $\m@th\scriptscriptstyle{#1}$}%
 \mathchoice{\r@@t\displaystyle{#2}}{\r@@t\textstyle{#2}}
 {\r@@t\scriptstyle{#2}}{\r@@t\scriptscriptstyle{#2}}\egroup}
\def\r@@t#1#2{\setboxz@h{$\m@th#1\@@sqrt{#2}$}%
 \dimen@\ht\z@\advance\dimen@-\dp\z@
 \setbox\@ne\hbox{$\m@th#1\mskip\uproot@ mu$}%
 \advance\dimen@ by1.667\wd\@ne
 \mkern-\leftroot@ mu\mkern5mu\raise.6\dimen@\copy\rootbox
 \mkern-10mu\mkern\leftroot@ mu\boxz@}
\let\ifgtest@\iffalse                              % initial value
\def\gtest@true{\global\let\ifgtest@\iftrue}
\def\gtest@false{\global\let\ifgtest@\iffalse}
\let\DOTSI\relax
\let\DOTSB\relax
\let\DOTSX\relax
{\uccode`7=`\\ \uccode`8=`m \uccode`9=`a \uccode`0=`t \uccode`!=`h
 \uppercase{%
  \gdef\math@#1#2#3#4#5#6\math@{\gtest@false\ifx 7#1\ifx 8#2%
  \ifx 9#3\ifx 0#4\ifx !#5\xdef\meaning@{#6}\gtest@true
  \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}}}
{\uccode`7=`c \uccode`8=`h \uccode`9=`\"
 \uppercase{\gdef\mathch@#1#2#3#4#5#6\mathch@{\gtest@false
  \ifx 7#1\ifx 8#2\ifx 9#5\gtest@true\xdef\meaning@{9#6}\fi\fi\fi}}}
\newcount\classnum@
\def\getmathch@#1.#2\getmathch@{\classnum@#1 \divide\classnum@4096
 \ifcase\number\classnum@\or\or\gdef\thedots@{\dotsb@}\or
 \gdef\thedots@{\dotsb@}\fi}
{\uccode`4=`b \uccode`5=`i \uccode`6=`n
 \uppercase{\gdef\mathbin@#1#2#3{\relaxnext@
  \def\nextii@##1\mathbin@{\ifx\@sptoken\@let@token\gtest@true\fi}%
  \gtest@false\DN@##1\mathbin@{}%
 \ifx 4#1\ifx 5#2\ifx 6#3\DN@{\FN@\nextii@}\fi\fi\fi\next@}}}
{\uccode`4=`r \uccode`5=`e \uccode`6=`l
 \uppercase{\gdef\mathrel@#1#2#3{\relaxnext@
  \def\nextii@##1\mathrel@{\ifx\@sptoken\@let@token\gtest@true\fi}%
 \gtest@false\DN@##1\mathrel@{}%
 \ifx 4#1\ifx 5#2\ifx 6#3\DN@{\FN@\nextii@}\fi\fi\fi\next@}}}
{\uccode`5=`m \uccode`6=`a \uccode`7=`c
 \uppercase{\gdef\macro@#1#2#3#4\macro@{\gtest@false
  \ifx 5#1\ifx 6#2\ifx 7#3\gtest@true
  \xdef\meaning@{\macro@@#4\macro@@}\fi\fi\fi}}}
\def\macro@@#1->#2\macro@@{#2}
\newcount\DOTSCASE@
{\uccode`6=`\\ \uccode`7=`D \uccode`8=`O \uccode`9=`T \uccode`0=`S
 \uppercase{\gdef\DOTS@#1#2#3#4#5{\gtest@false\DN@##1\DOTS@{}%
  \ifx 6#1\ifx 7#2\ifx 8#3\ifx 9#4\ifx 0#5\let\next@\DOTS@@
  \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
  \next@}}}
{\uccode`3=`B \uccode`4=`I \uccode`5=`X
 \uppercase{\gdef\DOTS@@#1{\relaxnext@
  \def\nextii@##1\DOTS@{\ifx\@sptoken\@let@token\gtest@true\fi}%
  \DN@{\FN@\nextii@}%
  \ifx 3#1\global\DOTSCASE@\z@\else
  \ifx 4#1\global\DOTSCASE@\@ne\else
  \ifx 5#1\global\DOTSCASE@\tw@\else\DN@##1\DOTS@{}%
  \fi\fi\fi\next@}}}
{\uccode`5=`\\ \uccode`6=`n \uccode`7=`o \uccode`8=`t
 \uppercase{\gdef\not@#1#2#3#4{\relaxnext@
  \def\nextii@##1\not@{\ifx\@sptoken\@let@token\gtest@true\fi}%
 \gtest@false\DN@##1\not@{}%
 \ifx 5#1\ifx 6#2\ifx 7#3\ifx 8#4\DN@{\FN@\nextii@}\fi\fi\fi
 \fi\next@}}}
\def\keybin@{\gtest@true
 \ifx\@let@token+\else\ifx\@let@token=\else
 \ifx\@let@token<\else\ifx\@let@token>\else
 \ifx\@let@token-\else\ifx\@let@token*\else\ifx\@let@token:\else
   \gtest@false\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}
\@ifundefined{@ldots}{\def\@ldots{\mathellipsis}}{}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\dots}{\relax
  \csname\ifmmode m\else t\fi dots@\endcsname}
\def\tdots@{\leavevmode\unskip\relaxnext@
 \DN@{$\m@th\@ldots\,
   \ifx\@let@token,\,$\else\ifx\@let@token.\,$\else
   \ifx\@let@token;\,$\else\ifx\@let@token:\,$\else
   \ifx\@let@token?\,$\else\ifx\@let@token!\,$\else
     $ \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}%
  \ \FN@\next@}
\def\mdots@{\FN@\mdots@@}
\def\mdots@@{\gdef\thedots@{\dotso@}%
 \ifx\@let@token\boldsymbol \gdef\thedots@\boldsymbol{\boldsymboldots@}%
 \else\ifx,\@let@token \gdef\thedots@{\dotsc}%
 \else\ifx\not\@let@token \gdef\thedots@{\dotsb@}%
 \else\keybin@
 \ifgtest@\gdef\thedots@{\dotsb@}%
 \else\xdef\meaning@{\meaning\@let@token..........}%
   \xdef\meaning@@{\meaning@}%
  \@xp\math@\meaning@\math@
  \ifgtest@
   \@xp\mathch@\meaning@\mathch@
   \ifgtest@\@xp\getmathch@\meaning@\getmathch@\fi
  \else\@xp\macro@\meaning@@\macro@
  \ifgtest@
   \@xp\not@\meaning@\not@\ifgtest@\gdef\thedots@{\dotsb@}%
  \else\@xp\DOTS@\meaning@\DOTS@
  \ifgtest@
   \ifcase\number\DOTSCASE@\gdef\thedots@{\dotsb@}%
    \or\gdef\thedots@{\dotsi}\else\fi
  \else\@xp\math@\meaning@\math@
  \ifgtest@\@xp\mathbin@\meaning@\mathbin@
  \ifgtest@\gdef\thedots@{\dotsb@}%
  \else\@xp\mathrel@\meaning@\mathrel@
  \ifgtest@\gdef\thedots@{\dotsb@}%
  \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
 \thedots@}
\def\boldsymboldots@#1{\bold@true\let\@let@token=#1\let\delayed@=#1\mdots@@
 \boldsymbol#1\bold@false}
\def\@cdots{\mathinner{\cdotp\cdotp\cdotp}}
\def\dotsi{\!\@cdots}
\let\dotsb@\@cdots
\def\rightdelim@{\gtest@true
 \ifx\@let@token)\else
 \ifx\@let@token]\else
 \ifx\@let@token\rbrack\else
 \ifx\@let@token\}\else
 \ifx\@let@token\rbrace\else
 \ifx\@let@token\rangle\else
 \ifx\@let@token\rceil\else
 \ifx\@let@token\rfloor\else
 \ifx\@let@token\rgroup\else
 \ifx\@let@token\rmoustache\else
 \ifx\@let@token\right\else
 \ifx\@let@token\bigr\else
 \ifx\@let@token\biggr\else
 \ifx\@let@token\Bigr\else
 \ifx\@let@token\Biggr\else\gtest@false
 \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}
\def\extra@{%
 \rightdelim@\ifgtest@
 \else\ifx\@let@token$\gtest@true
 \else\xdef\meaning@{\meaning\@let@token..........}%
 \@xp\macro@\meaning@\macro@\ifgtest@
 \@xp\DOTS@\meaning@\DOTS@
 \ifgtest@
 \ifnum\DOTSCASE@=\tw@\gtest@true\else\gtest@false
 \fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}
\newif\ifbold@
\def\dotso@{\relaxnext@
 \ifbold@
  \let\@let@token\delayed@
  \def\nextii@{\extra@\@ldots\ifgtest@\,\fi}%
 \else
  \def\nextii@{\DN@{\extra@\@ldots\ifgtest@\,\fi}\FN@\next@}%
 \fi
 \nextii@}
\def\extrap@#1{%
 \DN@{#1\,}%
 \ifx\@let@token,\else
 \ifx\@let@token;\else
 \ifx\@let@token.\else\extra@
 \ifgtest@\else
 \let\next@#1\fi\fi\fi\fi\next@}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\ldots}{\relax
  \ifmmode \DN@{\extrap@\@ldots}%
  \else \let\next@\tdots@\fi
  \FN@\next@}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\cdots}{\DN@{\extrap@\@cdots}\FN@\next@}
\let\dotso\ldots
\let\dotsb\cdots
\let\dotsm\dotsb
\DeclareRobustCommand{\dotsc}{%
  \DN@{\ifx\@let@token;\@ldots\,%
       \else \ifx\@let@token.\@ldots\,%
       \else \extra@\@ldots \ifgtest@\,\fi
       \fi\fi}%
  \FN@\next@}
\def\longrightarrow{\DOTSB\relbar\joinrel\rightarrow}
\def\Longrightarrow{\DOTSB\Relbar\joinrel\Rightarrow}
\def\longleftarrow{\DOTSB\leftarrow\joinrel\relbar}
\def\Longleftarrow{\DOTSB\Leftarrow\joinrel\Relbar}
\def\longleftrightarrow{\DOTSB\leftarrow\joinrel\rightarrow}
\def\Longleftrightarrow{\DOTSB\Leftarrow\joinrel\Rightarrow}
\def\mapsto{\DOTSB\mapstochar\rightarrow}
\def\longmapsto{\DOTSB\mapstochar\longrightarrow}
\def\hookrightarrow{\DOTSB\lhook\joinrel\rightarrow}
\def\hookleftarrow{\DOTSB\leftarrow\joinrel\rhook}
\def\iff{\DOTSB\;\Longleftrightarrow\;}
\def\doteq{\DOTSB\mathrel{\mathop{\kern\z@ =}\limits^{\textstyle.}}}
\newif\if@display
\everydisplay\@xp{\the\everydisplay \@displaytrue}
\def\int{\DOTSI\intop\ilimits@}
\def\oint{\DOTSI\ointop\ilimits@}
\def\intkern@{\mkern-6mu\mathchoice{\mkern-3mu}{}{}{}}
\def\intdots@{\mathchoice{\@cdots}%
 {{\cdotp}\mkern1.5mu{\cdotp}\mkern1.5mu{\cdotp}}%
 {{\cdotp}\mkern1mu{\cdotp}\mkern1mu{\cdotp}}%
 {{\cdotp}\mkern1mu{\cdotp}\mkern1mu{\cdotp}}}
\def\iint{\DOTSI\protect\ints@\tw@}
\def\iiint{\DOTSI\protect\ints@\thr@@}
\def\iiiint{\DOTSI\protect\ints@{4}}
\def\idotsint{\DOTSI\protect\ints@\z@}
\def\ints@#1{%
  \mkern-7mu\mathchoice{\mkern-2mu}{}{}{}%
  \mathop{\mkern7mu\mathchoice{\mkern2mu}{}{}{}%
    \intop\ifnum#1=\z@\intdots@
    \else\intkern@\fi
    \ifnum#1>\tw@\intop\intkern@\fi
    \ifnum#1>\thr@@\intop\intkern@\fi
    \intop
  }\ilimits@
}
\newbox\Mathstrutbox@
\setbox\Mathstrutbox@=\hbox{}
\def\Mathstrut@{\copy\Mathstrutbox@}
\begingroup \catcode`\"=12
\gdef\resetMathstrut@{%
  \setbox\z@\hbox{%
    \mathchardef\@tempa\mathcode`\(\relax
    \def\@tempb##1"##2##3{\the\textfont"##3\char"}%
    \expandafter\@tempb\meaning\@tempa \relax
  }%
  \ht\Mathstrutbox@\ht\z@ \dp\Mathstrutbox@\dp\z@
}
\endgroup
\addto@hook\every@math@size{\resetMathstrut@}
\newbox\strutbox@
\def\strut@{\copy\strutbox@}
\addto@hook\every@math@size{%
  \global\setbox\strutbox@\hbox{\lower.5\normallineskiplimit
         \vbox{\kern-\normallineskiplimit\copy\strutbox}}}
\def\big{\bBigg@\@ne}
\def\Big{\bBigg@{1.5}}
\def\bigg{\bBigg@\tw@}
\def\Bigg{\bBigg@{2.5}}
\def\bBigg@#1#2{%
  {\@mathmeasure\z@{\nulldelimiterspace\z@}%
     {\left#2\vcenter to#1\big@size{}\right.}%
   \box\z@}}
\addto@hook\every@math@size{%
  \global\big@size 1.2\ht\Mathstrutbox@
  \global\advance\big@size 1.2\dp\Mathstrutbox@ }
\newdimen\big@size
\def\accentclass@{7}
\def\noaccents@{\def\accentclass@{0}}
\DeclareFontEncoding{OML}{}{\noaccents@}
\DeclareFontEncoding{OMS}{}{\noaccents@}
\begingroup \catcode`\"=12
\def\@tempa#1#2\@nil{\def\@tempc{#1}}\def\@tempb{\mathaccent}
\expandafter\@tempa\hat \relax\relax\@nil
\ifx\@tempb\@tempc
  \def\@tempa#1\@nil{#1}%
  \def\@tempb#1{\afterassignment\@tempa\mathchardef\@tempc=}%
  \def\@tempe#1"{}
  \def\do#1"#2{}
  \def\@tempd#1#2{\expandafter\@tempb#1\@nil
    \ifnum\@tempc<"1000
      \edef\@tempc{"\@nx\accentclass@
        \ifnum\@tempc<"100 0\fi
        \@xp\@tempe\meaning\@tempc\space}%
    \else
      \edef\@tempc{"\@nx\@nx\@nx\accentclass@
        \@xp\do\meaning\@tempc\space}%
    \fi
    \xdef#1{\mathaccent\@tempc}%
    \toks@{%
      \relax\ifmmode \else\DN@##1##2{\nonmatherr@{#2}}\@xp\next@\fi
      \mathaccent@}%
    \xdef#2{\the\toks@{\@tempc}}%
  }
  \@tempd\hat\Hat \@tempd\check\Check \@tempd\tilde\Tilde
  \@tempd\acute\Acute \@tempd\grave\Grave \@tempd\dot\Dot
  \@tempd\ddot\Ddot \@tempd\breve\Breve \@tempd\bar\Bar
\fi
\endgroup
\newcount\skewcharcount@
\newcount\familycount@
\def\theskewchar@{\familycount@\@ne
 \global\skewcharcount@\the\skewchar\textfont\@ne
 \ifnum\mathgroup>\m@ne\ifnum\mathgroup<16
  \global\familycount@\the\mathgroup\relax
  \global\skewcharcount@\the\skewchar\textfont\the\mathgroup\relax\fi\fi
 \ifnum\skewcharcount@>\m@ne
  \ifnum\skewcharcount@<128
  \multiply\familycount@256
  \global\advance\skewcharcount@\familycount@
  \global\advance\skewcharcount@28672
  \mathchar\skewcharcount@\else
  \global\skewcharcount@\m@ne\fi\else
 \global\skewcharcount@\m@ne\fi}
\newcount\pointcount@
\def\getpoints@#1.#2\getpoints@{\pointcount@#1 }
\newdimen\accentdimen@
\newcount\accentmu@
\def\dimentomu@{\multiply\accentdimen@ 100
 \@xp\getpoints@\the\accentdimen@\getpoints@
 \multiply\pointcount@18
 \divide\pointcount@\@m
 \global\accentmu@\pointcount@}
\def\mathaccent@#1#2{\ifnum\mathgroup=\m@ne\xdef\thefam@{1}\else
 \xdef\thefam@{\the\mathgroup}\fi
 \accentdimen@\z@
 \setboxz@h{\unbracefonts@$\m@th\mathgroup\thefam@\relax#2$}%
 \ifdim\accentdimen@=\z@\DN@{\mathaccent#1{#2}}%
  \setbox\@ne\hbox{\unbracefonts@
    $\m@th\mathgroup\thefam@\relax#2\theskewchar@$}
  \setbox\tw@\hbox{$\m@th\ifnum\skewcharcount@=\m@ne\else
   \mathchar\skewcharcount@\fi$}%
  \global\accentdimen@\wd\@ne\global\advance\accentdimen@-\wdz@
  \global\advance\accentdimen@-\wd\tw@
  \global\multiply\accentdimen@\tw@
  \dimentomu@\global\advance\accentmu@\@ne
 \else\DN@{{\mathaccent#1{#2\mkern\accentmu@ mu}%
    \mkern-\accentmu@ mu}{}}\fi
 \next@}
\def\unbracefonts@{\let\math@bgroup\@empty\let\math@egroup\@empty}
\def\nonmatherr@#1{\@amsmath@err{\protect
  #1 allowed only in math mode}\@ehd}
\begingroup \catcode`\"=12
\def\@tempa#1#2{\gdef#1{\RIfM@\DN@{\mathaccent@{"\accentclass@#2 }}%
  \else\DN@{\nonmatherr@{#1}}\fi\next@}}
\@tempa\Hat{05E}\@tempa\Check{014}\@tempa\Tilde{07E}\@tempa\Acute{013}
\@tempa\Grave{012}\@tempa\Dot{05F}\@tempa\Ddot{07F}\@tempa\Breve{015}
\@tempa\Bar{016}
\gdef\Vec{\RIfM@\DN@{\mathaccent@{"017E }}\else
 \DN@{\nonmatherr@\Vec}\fi\next@}
\endgroup
\def\dddot#1{{\mathop{#1}\limits^{\vbox to-1.4\ex@{\kern-\tw@\ex@
 \hbox{\normalfont ...}\vss}}}}
\def\ddddot#1{{\mathop{#1}\limits^{\vbox to-1.4\ex@{\kern-\tw@\ex@
 \hbox{\normalfont....}\vss}}}}
\def\bmod{\mskip-\medmuskip\mkern5mu\mathbin
  {\operator@font mod}\penalty900
  \mkern5mu\mskip-\medmuskip}
\def\pod#1{\allowbreak\if@display\mkern18mu\else\mkern8mu\fi(#1)}
\def\pmod#1{\pod{{\operator@font mod}\mkern6mu#1}}
\def\mod#1{\allowbreak\if@display\mkern18mu
  \else\mkern12mu\fi{\operator@font mod}\,\,#1}
\newcommand{\cfrac}[3][c]{{\displaystyle\frac{%
  \strut\ifx r#1\hfill\fi#2\ifx l#1\hfill\fi}{#3}}%
  \kern-\nulldelimiterspace}
\def\overset#1#2{\binrel@{#2}%
  \binrel@@{\mathop{\kern\z@#2}\limits^{#1}}}
\def\underset#1#2{\binrel@{#2}%
  \binrel@@{\mathop{\kern\z@#2}\limits_{#1}}}
\def\sideset#1#2#3{%
  \@mathmeasure\z@\displaystyle{#3}%
  \global\setbox\@ne\vbox to\ht\z@{}\dp\@ne\dp\z@
  \setbox\tw@\box\@ne
  \@mathmeasure4\displaystyle{\copy\tw@#1}%
  \@mathmeasure6\displaystyle{#3\nolimits#2}%
  \dimen@-\wd6 \advance\dimen@\wd4 \advance\dimen@\wd\z@
  \hbox to\dimen@{}\mathop{\kern-\dimen@\box4\box6}%
}
\renewcommand{\smash}[2][tb]{%
  \def\smash@{#1}%
  \ifmmode\@xp\mathpalette\@xp\mathsm@sh\else
        \@xp\makesm@sh\fi{#2}}
\def\finsm@sh{\def\mb@t{\ht\z@\z@}\def\mb@b{\dp\z@\z@}%
  \def\mb@tb{\mb@t\mb@b}%
  {\csname mb@\smash@\endcsname}%
  \leavevmode\boxz@}
\def\rightarrowfill@#1{\m@th\setboxz@h{$#1\relbar$}\ht\z@\z@
  $#1\copy\z@\mkern-6mu\cleaders
  \hbox{$#1\mkern-2mu\box\z@\mkern-2mu$}\hfill
  \mkern-6mu\mathord\rightarrow$}
\def\leftarrowfill@#1{\m@th\setboxz@h{$#1\relbar$}\ht\z@\z@
  $#1\mathord\leftarrow\mkern-6mu\cleaders
  \hbox{$#1\mkern-2mu\copy\z@\mkern-2mu$}\hfill
  \mkern-6mu\box\z@$}
\def\leftrightarrowfill@#1{\m@th\setboxz@h{$#1\relbar$}\ht\z@\z@
  $#1\mathord\leftarrow\mkern-6mu\cleaders
  \hbox{$#1\mkern-2mu\box\z@\mkern-2mu$}\hfill
  \mkern-6mu\mathord\rightarrow$}
\def\overarrow@#1#2#3{\vbox{\ialign{##\crcr#1#2\crcr
 \noalign{\kern-\ex@\nointerlineskip}$\m@th\hfil#2#3\hfil$\crcr}}}
\def\overrightarrow{\mathpalette{\overarrow@\rightarrowfill@}}
\def\overleftarrow{\mathpalette{\overarrow@\leftarrowfill@}}
\def\overleftrightarrow{\mathpalette{\overarrow@\leftrightarrowfill@}}
\def\underarrow@#1#2#3{%
 \vtop{\ialign{##\crcr$\m@th\hfil#2#3\hfil$\crcr
 \noalign{\nointerlineskip\kern-.5\ex@}#1#2\crcr}}}
\def\underrightarrow{\mathpalette{\underarrow@\rightarrowfill@}}
\def\underleftarrow{\mathpalette{\underarrow@\leftarrowfill@}}
\def\underleftrightarrow{\mathpalette{\underarrow@\leftrightarrowfill@}}
\newcommand{\xrightarrow}[2][]{%
  \mathrel{\mathop{%
    \setbox\z@\vbox{\m@th
      \hbox{$\scriptstyle\;{#1}\;\;$}%
      \hbox{$\m@th\scriptstyle\;{#2}\;\;$}%
    }%
    \hbox to\ifdim\wd\z@>\minaw@\wd\z@\else\minaw@\fi{%
      \rightarrowfill@\displaystyle}}%
  \limits^{#2}\@ifnotempty{#1}{_{#1}}}%
}
\newcommand{\xleftarrow}[2][]{%
  \mathrel{\mathop{%
    \setbox\z@\vbox{\m@th
      \hbox{$\scriptstyle\;\;{#1}\;$}%
      \hbox{$\m@th\scriptstyle\;\;{#2}\;\;$}%
    }%
    \hbox to\ifdim\wd\z@>\minaw@\wd\z@\else\minaw@\fi{%
      \leftarrowfill@\displaystyle}}%
  \limits^{#2}\@ifnotempty{#1}{_{#1}}}%
}
\@ifundefined{minaw@}{\newdimen\minaw@\minaw@11pt}{}
\newcommand{\Sb}{\PackageError{amsmath}%
  {Environment `Sb' is obsolete; use `substack' instead}%
  {The \protect\\protect\ used to separate lines in a `Sb' environment can
   cause problems if `Sb' is embedded in some aligning environments.}}
\newcommand{\Sp}{\PackageError{amsmath}%
  {Environment `Sp' is obsolete; use `substack' instead}%
  {The \protect\\protect\ used to separate lines in a `Sp' environment can
   cause problems if `Sp' is embedded in some aligning environments.}}
\newenvironment{subarray}[1]{%
  \vcenter\bgroup
  \Let@ \restore@math@cr \default@tag
  \baselineskip\fontdimen10 \scriptfont\tw@
  \advance\baselineskip\fontdimen12 \scriptfont\tw@
  \lineskip\thr@@\fontdimen8 \scriptfont\thr@@
  \lineskiplimit\lineskip
  \ialign\bgroup\ifx c#1\hfil\fi
    $\m@th\scriptstyle##$\hfil\crcr
}{%
  \crcr\egroup\egroup
}
\newcommand{\substack}[1]{\subarray{c}#1\endsubarray}
\newenvironment{smallmatrix}{\null\,\vcenter\bgroup
  \Let@\restore@math@cr\default@tag
  \baselineskip6\ex@ \lineskip1.5\ex@ \lineskiplimit\lineskip
  \ialign\bgroup\hfil$\m@th\scriptstyle##$\hfil&&\thickspace\hfil
  $\m@th\scriptstyle##$\hfil\crcr
}{%
  \crcr\egroup\egroup\,%
}
\newcount\c@MaxMatrixCols \c@MaxMatrixCols=10
\renewenvironment{matrix}{%
  \hskip -\arraycolsep\array{*\c@MaxMatrixCols c}%
}{%
  \endarray \hskip -\arraycolsep
}
\renewenvironment{pmatrix}{\left(\matrix}{\endmatrix\right)}
\newenvironment{bmatrix}{\left[\matrix}{\endmatrix\right]}
\newenvironment{Bmatrix}{\left\lbrace\matrix}{\endmatrix\right\rbrace}
\newenvironment{vmatrix}{\left\lvert\matrix}{\endmatrix\right\rvert}
\newenvironment{Vmatrix}{\left\lVert\matrix}{\endmatrix\right\rVert}
\let\hdots\@ldots
\newcommand{\hdotsfor}[1]{%
  \ifx[#1\@xp\shdots@for\else\hdots@for\@ne{#1}\fi}
\newmuskip\dotsspace@
\def\shdots@for#1]{\hdots@for{#1}}
\def\hdots@for#1#2{\multicolumn{#2}c%
  {\m@th\dotsspace@1.5mu\mkern-#1\dotsspace@
   \xleaders\hbox{$\m@th\mkern#1\dotsspace@.\mkern#1\dotsspace@$}%
           \hfill
   \mkern-#1\dotsspace@}%
   }
\renewenvironment{cases}{%
  \left\{\def\arraystretch{1.2}%
  \array{@{}l@{\quad}l@{}}%
}{%
  \endarray\right.%
}
\newcounter{parentequation}% Counter for ``parent equation''.
\newenvironment{subequations}{%
  \refstepcounter{equation}%
  \begingroup % conservative approach
  \let\protect\@nx
  \edef\@tempa{\def\@nx\theparentequation{\theequation}}%
  \@xp\endgroup\@tempa
  \setcounter{parentequation}{\value{equation}}%
  \setcounter{equation}{0}%
  \def\theequation{\theparentequation\alph{equation}}%
  \ignorespaces
}{%
  \setcounter{equation}{\value{parentequation}}%
  \global\@ignoretrue
}
\def\numberwithin#1#2{\@ifundefined{c@#1}{\@nocounterr{#1}}{%
  \@ifundefined{c@#2}{\@nocnterr{#2}}{%
  \@addtoreset{#1}{#2}%
  \toks@\@xp\@xp\@xp{\csname the#1\endcsname}%
  \@xp\xdef\csname the#1\endcsname
    {\@xp\@nx\csname the#2\endcsname
     .\the\toks@}}}}
\def\eqref#1{\textup{\tagform@{\ref{#1}}}}
\newcount\dspbrk@lvl
\dspbrk@lvl=-1
\interdisplaylinepenalty\@M
\def\allowdisplaybreaks{%
  \new@ifnextchar[\allowdspbrks@{\allowdspbrks@[4]}}
\def\allowdspbrks@[#1]{%
  \interdisplaylinepenalty\getdsp@pen{#1}}
\def\getdsp@pen#1{%
  \ifcase #1\relax \@M
    \or 9999
    \or 6999
    \or 2999
    \or \z@\fi}
\def\displaybreak{\@amsmath@err{\Invalid@@\displaybreak}\@eha}

\def\displaybreak@{%
  \def\displaybreak{\new@ifnextchar[\dspbrk@{\dspbrk@[4]}}}

\def\dspbrk@[#1]{\global\dspbrk@lvl #1\relax}
\def\math@cr{{\ifnum0=`}\fi
  \@ifstar{\global\@eqpen\@M\math@cr@}%
          {\global\@eqpen
             \ifnum\dspbrk@lvl <\z@ \interdisplaylinepenalty
              \else -\@getpen\dspbrk@lvl \fi
           \math@cr@}}
\def\math@cr@{\new@ifnextchar[\math@cr@@{\math@cr@@[\z@]}}
\def\math@cr@@[#1]{\ifnum0=`{\fi}\math@cr@@@
  \noalign{\vskip#1\relax}}
\def\Let@{\let\\\math@cr}
\def\restore@math@cr{\def\math@cr@@@{\cr}}
\restore@math@cr
\def\intertext{\@amsmath@err{\Invalid@@\intertext}\@eha}
\def\intertext@{%
  \def\intertext##1{%
    \ifvmode\else\\\@empty\fi
    \noalign{%
      \penalty\postdisplaypenalty\vskip\belowdisplayskip
      \vbox{\normalbaselines
        \ifdim\linewidth=\columnwidth
        \else \parshape\@ne \@totalleftmargin \linewidth
        \fi
        \noindent##1\par}%
      \penalty\predisplaypenalty\vskip\abovedisplayskip%
    }%
}}
\newhelp\tag@help
  {tag cannot be used at this point.\space
   If you don't understand why^^Jyou should consult
   the documentation.^^JBut don't worry: just continue, and I'll
   forget what happened.}
\def\gobble@tag{\@ifstar\@gobble\@gobble}
\def\invalid@tag#1{\@amsmath@err{#1}{\the\tag@help}\gobble@tag}
\def\dft@tag{\invalid@tag{\string\tag\space not allowed here}}
\def\default@tag{\let\tag\dft@tag}
\default@tag
\def\maketag@@{\@ifstar\maketag@@@\tagform@}
\def\maketag@@@#1{\hbox{\m@th\normalfont#1}}
\def\tagform@#1{\maketag@@@{(\ignorespaces#1\unskip\@@italiccorr)}}
\iftagsleft@
  \def\@eqnnum{\hbox to1sp{}\rlap{\normalfont\normalcolor
    \hskip -\displaywidth\tagform@\theequation}}
\else
  \def\@eqnnum{{\normalfont\normalcolor \tagform@\theequation}}
\fi
\def\thetag{\leavevmode\tagform@}
\def\make@df@tag{\@ifstar\make@df@tag@@\make@df@tag@@@}
\def\make@df@tag@@#1{%
  \gdef\df@tag{\maketag@@@{#1}\def\@currentlabel{#1}}}
\def\make@df@tag@@@#1{\gdef\df@tag{\tagform@{#1}%
  \toks@\@xp{\p@equation{#1}}\edef\@currentlabel{\the\toks@}}}
\let\ltx@label\label
\def\label@in@display{%
    \ifx\df@label\@empty\else
        \@amsmath@err{Multiple \string\label's:
            label '\df@label' will be lost}\@eha
    \fi
    \gdef\df@label
}

\let\df@label\@empty
\def\make@display@tag{%
    \if@eqnsw
        \refstepcounter{equation}%
        \tagform@\theequation
    \else
        \iftag@
            \df@tag
            \global\let\df@tag\@empty
        \fi
    \fi
    \ifx\df@label\@empty\else
        \ltx@label{\df@label}%
        \global\let\df@label\@empty
    \fi
}
\def\tag@in@align{%
    \relax
    \iftag@
        \DN@{\invalid@tag{Multiple \string\tag}}%
    \else
    \global\tag@true
    \nonumber
        \let\next@\make@df@tag
    \fi
    \next@
}
\def\raisetag#1{\skip@#1\relax
  \xdef\raise@tag{\vskip\iftagsleft@\else-\fi\the\skip@\relax}%
}
\let\raise@tag\@empty
\def\notag{\nonumber}
\newif\ifinany@
\newif\ifinalign@
\newif\ifingather@
\newif\iftag@
\newif\ifst@rred
\newif\ifmeasuring@
\newif\ifshifttag@
\newcount\row@
\newcount\column@
\def\column@plus{%
    \global\advance\column@\@ne
}
\newcount\maxfields@
\def\add@amps#1{%
    \begingroup
        \count@#1
        \DN@{}%
        \loop
            \ifnum\count@>\column@
                \edef\next@{&\next@}%
                \advance\count@\m@ne
        \repeat
    \@xp\endgroup
    \next@
}
\newhelp\andhelp@
{An extra & here is so disastrous that you should probably exit^^J
and fix things up.}
\newdimen\eqnshift@
\newdimen\alignsep@
\newdimen\tagshift@
\def\mintagsep{.5\fontdimen6\textfont2}
\def\minalignsep{10pt}
\newdimen\tagwidth@
\newdimen\totwidth@
\newdimen\lineht@
\def\tag@width#1{%
    \ifcase\@xp#1\tag@lengths\fi
}

\def\savetaglength@{%
    \begingroup
        \let\or\relax
        \xdef\tag@lengths{\tag@lengths\or \the\wdz@}%
    \endgroup
}

\def\shift@tag#1{%
    \ifcase\@xp#1\tag@shifts\fi\relax
}

\let\tag@shifts\@empty
\def\saveshift@#1{%
    \begingroup
        \let\or\relax
        \xdef\tag@shifts{\or#1\tag@shifts}%
    \endgroup
}
\def\displ@y{\@display@init{}}
\def\@display@init#1{%
    \global\dt@ptrue
    \openup\jot\m@th
    \everycr{%
        \noalign{%
            #1%
            \ifdt@p
                \global\dt@pfalse
                \vskip-\lineskiplimit
                \vskip\normallineskiplimit
            \else
                \penalty\@eqpen
            \fi
        }%
    }%
}
\def\displ@y@{\@display@init{%
  \global\column@\z@ \global\dspbrk@lvl\m@ne
  \global\tag@false \global\let\raise@tag\@empty
}}
\def\black@#1{%
    \noalign{%
        \ifdim#1>\displaywidth
            \dimen@\prevdepth
            \nointerlineskip
            \vskip-\ht\strutbox@
            \vskip-\dp\strutbox@
            \vbox{\noindent\hbox to#1{\strut@\hfill}}%
            \prevdepth\dimen@
        \fi
    }%
}
\def\savecounters@{%
    \begingroup
        \def\@elt##1{%
          \global\csname c@##1\endcsname\the\csname c@##1\endcsname}%
        \xdef\@tempa{%
            \cl@@ckpt
            \let\@nx\restorecounters@\@nx\@empty
        }%
    \endgroup
    \let\restorecounters@\@tempa
}
\let\restorecounters@\@empty
\def\savealignstate@{%
    \begingroup
        \let\or\relax
        \xdef\@tempa{%
            \global\totwidth@\the\totwidth@
            \global\row@\the\row@
            \gdef\@nx\tag@lengths{\tag@lengths}%
            \let\@nx\restorealignstate@\@nx\@empty
        }%
    \endgroup
    \let\restorealignstate@\@tempa
}

\let\restorealignstate@\@empty
\newtoks\@envbody
\def\addto@envbody#1{\@envbody\@xp{\the\@envbody#1}}
\def\collect@body#1{%
    \@envbody{}%
    \def\process@envbody{%
        \@xp#1\@xp{\the\@envbody}%
    }%
    \@xp\let\csname\@currenvir\endcsname\collect@@body
    \csname\@currenvir\endcsname
}
\def\collect@@body#1\end#2{%
    \def\@tempa{#2}%
    \ifx\@tempa\@currenvir
        \addto@envbody{#1}%
        \@xp\edef\csname\@currenvir\endcsname{%
            \@nx\process@envbody\@nx\end{\@tempa}%
            }%
    \else
        \addto@envbody{#1\end{#2}}%
    \fi
    \csname\@currenvir\endcsname
}
\newcommand{\start@aligned}[2]{%
    \RIfM@\else
        \nonmatherr@{\begin{\@currenvir}}%
    \fi
    \null\,%
    \if #1t\vtop \else \if#1b \vbox \else \vcenter \fi \fi \bgroup
        \maxfields@#2\relax
        \ifnum\maxfields@>\m@ne
            \multiply\maxfields@\tw@
            \let\math@cr@@@\math@cr@@@alignedat
        \else
            \restore@math@cr
        \fi
        \Let@
        \default@tag
        \ifinany@\else\openup\jot\fi
        \column@\z@
        \ialign\bgroup
           &\column@plus
            \hfil
            \strut@
            $\m@th\displaystyle{##}$%
           &\column@plus
            $\m@th\displaystyle{{}##}$%
            \hfil
            \crcr
}
\def\math@cr@@@alignedat{%
    \ifnum\column@>\maxfields@
        \begingroup
          \measuring@false
          \@amsmath@err{Extra & on this line}%
            {\the\andhelp@}% "An extra & here is disastrous"
        \endgroup
    \fi
    \column@\z@
    \cr
}
\newenvironment{aligned}[1][c]{%
    \start@aligned{#1}\m@ne
}{%
    \crcr\egroup\egroup
}
\newcommand{\alignedat}[2][c]{%
        \start@aligned{#1}%
}
\let\endalignedat\endaligned
\newcommand{\gathered}[1][c]{%
    \RIfM@\else
        \nonmatherr@{\begin{gathered}}%
    \fi
    \null\,%
    \if #1t\vtop \else \if#1b\vbox \else \vcenter \fi\fi \bgroup
        \Let@
        \restore@math@cr
        \ifinany@\else\openup\jot\fi
        \ialign\bgroup
            \hfil\strut@$\m@th\displaystyle##$\hfil
            \crcr
}
\let\endgathered\endaligned
\def\start@gather#1{%
    \RIfM@
        \nomath@env
        \DN@{\@namedef{end\@currenvir}{}\@gobble}%
    \else
        $$%
        #1%
        \ifst@rred\else
            \global\@eqnswtrue
        \fi
        \let\next@\gather@
    \fi
    \collect@body\next@
}
\def\gather{\start@gather\st@rredfalse}

\@namedef{gather*}{\start@gather\st@rredtrue}
\def\gather@#1{%
    \ingather@true
    \inany@true
    \let\tag\tag@in@align
    \let\label\label@in@display
    \displaybreak@
    \intertext@
    \displ@y@
    \Let@
    \let\math@cr@@@\math@cr@@@gather
    \gmeasure@{#1}%
    \global\shifttag@false
    \tabskip\z@skip
    \global\row@\@ne
    \halign to\displaywidth\bgroup
        \strut@
        \setboxz@h{$\m@th\displaystyle{##}$}%
        \calc@shift@gather
        \set@gather@field
        \tabskip\@centering
       &\setboxz@h{\strut@{##}}%
        \place@tag@gather
        \tabskip \iftagsleft@ \gdisplaywidth@ \else \z@skip \span\fi
        \crcr
        #1%
}
\def\endgather{%
        \math@cr
        \black@\totwidth@
    \egroup
    $$%
    \global\@ignoretrue
}

\@xp\let\csname endgather*\endcsname\endgather
\def\gmeasure@#1{%
    \begingroup
        \measuring@true
        \totwidth@\z@
        \global\let\tag@lengths\@empty
        \savecounters@
        \setbox\@ne\vbox{%
            \everycr{\noalign{\global\tag@false
              \global\let\raise@tag\@empty \global\column@\z@}}%
            \let\label\@gobble
            \halign{%
                \setboxz@h{$\m@th\displaystyle{##}$}%
                \ifdim\wdz@>\totwidth@
                    \global\totwidth@\wdz@
                \fi
               &\setboxz@h{\strut@{##}}%
                \savetaglength@
                \crcr
                #1%
                \math@cr@@@
            }%
        }%
        \restorecounters@
        \if@fleqn
            \global\advance\totwidth@\@mathmargin
        \fi
        \iftagsleft@
            \ifdim\totwidth@>\displaywidth
                \global\let\gdisplaywidth@\totwidth@
            \else
                \global\let\gdisplaywidth@\displaywidth
            \fi
        \fi
    \endgroup
}
\def\math@cr@@@gather{%
    \ifst@rred\nonumber\fi
   &\relax
    \make@display@tag
    \ifst@rred\else\global\@eqnswtrue\fi
    \global\advance\row@\@ne
    \cr
}
\def\calc@shift@gather{%
    \dimen@\mintagsep\relax
    \tagwidth@\tag@width\row@\relax
    \if@fleqn
        \global\eqnshift@\@mathmargin
        \ifdim\tagwidth@>\z@
            \advance\dimen@\tagwidth@
            \iftagsleft@
                \ifdim\dimen@>\@mathmargin
                    \global\shifttag@true
                \fi
            \else
                \advance\dimen@\@mathmargin
                \advance\dimen@\wdz@
                \ifdim\dimen@>\displaywidth
                   \global\shifttag@true
                \fi
            \fi
        \fi
    \else
        \global\eqnshift@\displaywidth
        \global\advance\eqnshift@-\wdz@
        \ifdim\tagwidth@>\z@
            \multiply\dimen@\tw@
            \advance\dimen@\wdz@
            \advance\dimen@\tagwidth@
            \ifdim\dimen@>\displaywidth
                \global\shifttag@true
            \else
                \ifdim\eqnshift@<4\tagwidth@
                    \global\advance\eqnshift@-\tagwidth@
                \fi
            \fi
        \fi
        \global\divide\eqnshift@\tw@
        \iftagsleft@
            \global\eqnshift@-\eqnshift@
            \global\advance\eqnshift@\displaywidth
            \global\advance\eqnshift@-\wdz@
        \fi
        \ifdim\eqnshift@<\z@
            \global\eqnshift@\z@
        \fi
    \fi
}
\def\place@tag@gather{%
    \iftagsleft@
        \kern-\gdisplaywidth@
        \ifshifttag@
            \rlap{\vbox{%
                \normalbaselines
                \boxz@
                \vbox to\lineht@{}%
                \raise@tag
            }}%
            \global\shifttag@false
        \else
            \rlap{\boxz@}%
        \fi
    \else
        \ifdim\totwidth@>\displaywidth
            \dimen@\totwidth@
            \advance\dimen@-\displaywidth
            \kern-\dimen@
        \fi
        \ifshifttag@
            \llap{\vtop{%
                \raise@tag
                \normalbaselines
                \setbox\@ne\null
                \dp\@ne\lineht@
                \box\@ne
                \boxz@
            }}%
            \global\shifttag@false
        \else
            \llap{\boxz@}%
        \fi
    \fi
}
\def\set@gather@field{%
    \iftagsleft@
        \global\lineht@\ht\z@
    \else
        \global\lineht@\dp\z@
    \fi
    \kern\eqnshift@
    \boxz@
    \hfil
}
\newif\ifxxat@

\newif\ifcheckat@

\let\xatlevel@\@empty
\def\start@align#1#2#3{%
    \let\xatlevel@#1% always \z@, \@ne, or \tw@
    \maxfields@#3\relax
    \ifnum\maxfields@>\m@ne
        \checkat@true
        \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@
            \xxat@true
        \fi
        \multiply\maxfields@\tw@
    \else
        \checkat@false
    \fi
    \ifingather@
        {\ifnum0=`}\fi
        \DN@{\vcenter\bgroup\savealignstate@\align@#2}%
    \else
        \ifmmode
            \nomath@env
            \DN@{\@namedef{end\@currenvir}{}\@gobble}%
        \else
            $$%
            \DN@{\align@#2}%
        \fi
    \fi
    \collect@body\next@
}
\def\alignat{\start@align\z@\st@rredfalse}
\@namedef{alignat*}{\start@align\z@\st@rredtrue}
\def\xalignat{\start@align\@ne\st@rredfalse}
\@namedef{xalignat*}{\start@align\@ne\st@rredtrue}
\def\xxalignat{\start@align\tw@\st@rredtrue}
\def\align{\start@align\@ne\st@rredfalse\m@ne}
\@namedef{align*}{\start@align\@ne\st@rredtrue\m@ne}
\def\flalign{\start@align\tw@\st@rredfalse\m@ne}
\@namedef{flalign*}{\start@align\tw@\st@rredtrue\m@ne}
\def\align@#1#2{%
    \inany@true
    \inalign@true
    \displaybreak@
    \intertext@
    \ifingather@\else\displ@y@\fi
    \Let@
    \let\math@cr@@@\math@cr@@@align
    \ifxxat@\else
        \let\tag\tag@in@align
    \fi
    \let\label\label@in@display
    #1% set st@r
    \ifst@rred\else
        \global\@eqnswtrue
    \fi
    \measure@{#2}%
    \global\row@\z@
    \tabskip\eqnshift@
    \halign\bgroup
        \span\align@preamble\crcr
        #2%
}
\def\endalign{%
        \math@cr
        \black@\totwidth@
    \egroup
    \ifingather@
        \restorealignstate@
        \egroup
        \nonumber
        \ifnum0=`{\fi}%
    \else
        $$%
    \fi
    \global\@ignoretrue
}
\@xp\let\csname endalign*\endcsname\endalign
\let\endxalignat\endalign
\@xp\let\csname endxalignat*\endcsname\endalign
\let\endxxalignat\endalign
\let\endalignat\endalign
\@xp\let\csname endalignat*\endcsname\endalign
\let\endflalign\endalign
\@xp\let\csname endflalign*\endcsname\endalign
\def\math@cr@@@align{%
    \kern-\alignsep@
    \ifst@rred\nonumber\fi
    \if@eqnsw \global\tag@true \fi
    \global\advance\row@\@ne
    \iftag@
        \add@amps\maxfields@
        \omit
        \setboxz@h{\@lign\strut@{\make@display@tag}}%
        \place@tag
    \fi
    \ifst@rred\else\global\@eqnswtrue\fi
    \global\lineht@\z@
    \cr
}
\def\math@cr@@@align@measure{%
   &\omit
    \global\advance\row@\@ne
    \ifst@rred\nonumber\fi
    \if@eqnsw \global\tag@true \fi
    \ifnum\column@>\maxfields@
        \ifcheckat@
            \begingroup
              \measuring@false
              \@amsmath@err{Extra & on this line}%
                {\the\andhelp@}% "An extra & here is disastrous"
            \endgroup
        \else
            \global\maxfields@\column@
        \fi
    \fi
    \setboxz@h{\@lign\strut@{%
        \if@eqnsw
            \stepcounter{equation}%
            \tagform@\theequation
        \else
            \iftag@\df@tag\fi
        \fi
    }}%
    \savetaglength@
    \ifst@rred\else\global\@eqnswtrue\fi
    \cr
}
\let\field@lengths\@empty

\def\savefieldlength@{%
    \begingroup
        \let\or\relax
        \xdef\field@lengths{%
            \field@lengths
            \ifnum\column@=0
                \or
            \else
                ,%
            \fi
            \the\wdz@
        }%
    \endgroup
}

\def\fieldlengths@#1{%
    \ifcase\@xp#1\field@lengths\fi
}
\let\maxcolumn@widths\@empty
\def\maxcol@width#1{%
    \ifcase\@xp#1\maxcolumn@widths\fi\relax
}
\def\measure@#1{%
    \begingroup
        \measuring@true
        \eqnshift@\z@
        \alignsep@\z@
        \global\let\tag@lengths\@empty
        \global\let\field@lengths\@empty
        \savecounters@
        \global\setbox0\vbox{%
            \let\math@cr@@@\math@cr@@@align@measure
            \everycr{\noalign{\global\tag@false
              \global\let\raise@tag\@empty \global\column@\z@}}%
            \let\label\@gobble
            \global\row@\z@
            \tabskip\z@
            \halign{\span\align@preamble\crcr
                #1%
                \math@cr@@@
                \column@\z@
                \add@amps\maxfields@\cr
            }%
        }%
        \restorecounters@
        \ifodd\maxfields@
            \global\advance\maxfields@\@ne
        \fi
        \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@
            \ifnum\maxfields@<\thr@@
                \let\xatlevel@\z@
            \fi
        \fi
        \setbox0\vbox{%
            \unvbox0
            \unpenalty
            \global\setbox1\lastbox
        }%
        \global\totwidth@\wd1
        \if@fleqn
           \global\advance\totwidth@\@mathmargin
        \fi
        \global\let\maxcolumn@widths\@empty
        \begingroup
            \let\or\relax
            \loop
               \setbox1\hbox{%
                   \unhbox1
                   \unskip
                   \global\setbox0\lastbox
               }%
                \ifhbox0
                    \xdef\maxcolumn@widths{ \or \the\wd0 \maxcolumn@widths}%
            \repeat
        \endgroup
        \dimen@\displaywidth
        \advance\dimen@-\totwidth@
        \ifcase\xatlevel@
            \global\alignsep@\z@
            \let\minalignsep\z@
            \@tempcntb\z@
            \if@fleqn
                \@tempcnta\@ne
                \global\eqnshift@\@mathmargin
            \else
                \@tempcnta\tw@
                \global\eqnshift@\dimen@
                \global\divide\eqnshift@\@tempcnta
            \fi
        \or
            \@tempcntb\maxfields@
            \divide\@tempcntb\tw@
            \@tempcnta\@tempcntb
            \advance\@tempcntb\m@ne
            \if@fleqn
                \global\eqnshift@\@mathmargin
                \alignsep@\dimen@
                \global\divide\alignsep@\@tempcnta
            \else
                \global\advance\@tempcnta\@ne
                \global\eqnshift@\dimen@
                \global\divide\eqnshift@\@tempcnta
                \global\alignsep@\eqnshift@
            \fi
        \or
            \@tempcntb\maxfields@
            \divide\@tempcntb\tw@
            \global\advance\@tempcntb\m@ne
            \global\@tempcnta\@tempcntb
            \global\eqnshift@\z@
            \global\alignsep@\dimen@
            \if@fleqn
                \advance\alignsep@\@mathmargin\relax
            \fi
            \global\divide\alignsep@\@tempcntb
        \fi
        \ifdim\alignsep@<\minalignsep\relax
            \global\alignsep@\minalignsep\relax
            \ifdim\eqnshift@>\z@
                \if@fleqn\else
                    \eqnshift@\displaywidth
                    \advance\eqnshift@-\totwidth@
                    \advance\eqnshift@-\@tempcntb\alignsep@
                    \global\divide\eqnshift@\tw@
                \fi
            \fi
        \fi
        \ifdim\eqnshift@<\z@
            \global\eqnshift@\z@
        \fi
        \calc@shift@align
        \tagshift@\totwidth@
        \advance\tagshift@\@tempcntb\alignsep@
        \if@fleqn
            \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@
                \global\advance\tagshift@-\@mathmargin\relax
            \fi
        \else
            \global\advance\tagshift@\eqnshift@
        \fi
        \iftagsleft@ \else
            \global\advance\tagshift@-\displaywidth
        \fi
        \dimen@\minalignsep\relax
        \advance\totwidth@\@tempcntb\dimen@
        \ifdim\totwidth@>\displaywidth
            \global\let\displaywidth@\totwidth@
        \else
            \global\let\displaywidth@\displaywidth
        \fi
    \endgroup
}
\iftagsleft@\if@fleqn
    \def\calc@shift@align{%
        \global\let\tag@shifts\@empty
        \begingroup
            \@tempdima\@mathmargin\relax
            \advance\@tempdima-\mintagsep\relax
            \loop
                \ifnum\row@>0
                    \ifdim\tag@width\row@>\z@
                        \x@calc@shift@lf
                    \else
                        \saveshift@0%
                    \fi
                    \advance\row@\m@ne
            \repeat
        \endgroup
    }
    \def\x@calc@shift@lf{%
        \ifdim\eqnshift@=\z@
            \global\eqnshift@\@mathmargin\relax
            \alignsep@\displaywidth
            \advance\alignsep@-\totwidth@
            \global\divide\alignsep@\@tempcntb
            \ifdim\alignsep@<\minalignsep\relax
                \global\alignsep@\minalignsep\relax
            \fi
        \fi
        \ifdim\tag@width\row@>\@tempdima
            \saveshift@1%
        \else
            \saveshift@0%
        \fi
    }
\fi\fi
\iftagsleft@\else\if@fleqn
    \def\calc@shift@align{%
        \global\let\tag@shifts\@empty
        \begingroup
            \loop
                \ifnum\row@>0
                    \ifdim\tag@width\row@>\z@
                        \x@calc@shift@rf
                    \else
                        \saveshift@0%
                    \fi
                    \advance\row@\m@ne
            \repeat
        \endgroup
    }
    \def\x@calc@shift@rf{%
        \column@\z@
        \@tempdimb\z@
        \@tempdimc\z@
        \edef\@tempb{\fieldlengths@\row@}%
        \@for\@tempa:=\@tempb\do{%
            \advance\column@\@ne
            \x@rcalc@width
        }%
        \begingroup
            \advance\column@\m@ne
            \divide\column@\tw@
            \ifnum\@tempcntb>\column@
                \advance\@tempcnta-\@tempcntb
                \advance\@tempcnta\column@
                \@tempcntb\column@
            \fi
            \tagwidth@\tag@width\row@\relax
            \@tempdima\eqnshift@
            \advance\@tempdima\@tempdimc\relax
            \advance\@tempdima\tagwidth@
            \dimen@\minalignsep\relax
            \multiply\dimen@\@tempcntb
            \advance\dimen@\mintagsep\relax
            \advance\dimen@\@tempdima
            \ifdim\dimen@>\displaywidth
                \saveshift@1%
            \else
                \saveshift@0%
                \dimen@\alignsep@\relax
                \multiply\dimen@\@tempcntb
                \advance\dimen@\@tempdima
                \advance\dimen@\tagwidth@
                \ifdim\dimen@>\displaywidth
                    \dimen@\displaywidth
                    \advance\dimen@-\@tempdima
                    \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@
                        \advance\dimen@-\mintagsep\relax
                    \fi
                    \divide\dimen@\@tempcnta
                    \ifdim\dimen@<\minalignsep\relax
                        \global\alignsep@\minalignsep\relax
                    \else
                        \global\alignsep@\dimen@
                    \fi
                \fi
            \fi
        \endgroup
    }
\fi\fi
\iftagsleft@\else\if@fleqn\else
    \def\calc@shift@align{%
        \global\let\tag@shifts\@empty
        \begingroup
            \loop
                \ifnum\row@>0
                    \ifdim\tag@width\row@>\z@
                        \x@calc@shift@rc
                    \else
                        \saveshift@0%
                    \fi
                    \advance\row@\m@ne
            \repeat
        \endgroup
    }
    \def\x@calc@shift@rc{%
        \column@\z@
        \@tempdimb\z@
        \@tempdimc\z@
        \edef\@tempb{\fieldlengths@\row@}%
        \@for\@tempa:=\@tempb\do{%
            \advance\column@\@ne
            \x@rcalc@width
        }%
        \begingroup
            \advance\column@\m@ne
            \divide\column@\tw@
            \ifnum\@tempcntb>\column@
                \advance\@tempcnta-\@tempcntb
                \advance\@tempcnta\column@
                \@tempcntb\column@
            \fi
            \tagwidth@\tag@width\row@\relax
            \@tempdima\@tempdimc
            \advance\@tempdima\tagwidth@
            \dimen@\minalignsep\relax
            \multiply\dimen@\@tempcntb
            \advance\dimen@\mintagsep\relax
            \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@ \else
                \advance\dimen@\mintagsep\relax
            \fi
            \advance\dimen@\@tempdima
            \ifdim\dimen@>\displaywidth
                \saveshift@1%
            \else
                \saveshift@0%
                \dimen@\eqnshift@
                \advance\dimen@\@tempdima
                \advance\dimen@\@tempcntb\alignsep@
                \advance\dimen@\tagwidth@
                \ifdim\dimen@>\displaywidth
                    \dimen@\displaywidth
                    \advance\dimen@-\@tempdima
                    \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@
                        \advance\dimen@-\mintagsep\relax
                    \fi
                    \divide\dimen@\@tempcnta
                    \ifdim\dimen@<\minalignsep\relax
                        \global\alignsep@\minalignsep\relax
                        \eqnshift@\displaywidth
                        \advance\eqnshift@-\@tempdima
                        \advance\eqnshift@-\@tempcntb\alignsep@
                        \global\divide\eqnshift@\tw@
                    \else
                        \ifdim\dimen@<\eqnshift@
                            \ifdim\dimen@<\z@
                                \global\eqnshift@\z@
                            \else
                                \global\eqnshift@\dimen@
                            \fi
                        \fi
                        \ifdim\dimen@<\alignsep@
                            \global\alignsep@\dimen@
                        \fi
                    \fi
                \fi
            \fi
        \endgroup
    }
\fi\fi
\iftagsleft@\else
    \def\x@rcalc@width{%
        \ifdim\@tempa > \z@
            \advance\@tempdimc\@tempdimb
            \ifodd\column@
                \advance\@tempdimc\maxcol@width\column@
                \@tempdimb\z@
            \else
                \advance\@tempdimc\@tempa\relax
                \@tempdimb\maxcol@width\column@
                \advance\@tempdimb-\@tempa\relax
            \fi
        \else
            \advance\@tempdimb\maxcol@width\column@\relax
        \fi
    }
\fi
\iftagsleft@\if@fleqn\else
    \def\calc@shift@align{%
        \global\let\tag@shifts\@empty
        \begingroup
            \loop
                \ifnum\row@>\z@
                    \ifdim\tag@width\row@>\z@
                        \x@calc@shift@lc
                    \else
                        \saveshift@0%
                    \fi
                    \advance\row@\m@ne
            \repeat
        \endgroup
    }
    \def\x@calc@shift@lc{%
        \column@\z@
        \@tempdima\z@ % ``width of equation''
        \@tempdimb\z@ % ``indent of equation''
        \edef\@tempb{\fieldlengths@\row@}%
        \@for\@tempa:=\@tempb\do{%
            \advance\column@\@ne
            \x@lcalc@width
        }%
        \begingroup
            \tagwidth@\tag@width\row@\relax
            \@tempdima\totwidth@
            \advance\@tempdima-\@tempdimb
            \advance\@tempdima\tagwidth@
            \dimen@\minalignsep\relax
            \multiply\dimen@\@tempcntb
            \advance\dimen@\mintagsep\relax
            \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@ \else
                \advance\dimen@\mintagsep\relax
            \fi
            \advance\dimen@\@tempdima
            \ifdim\dimen@>\displaywidth
                \saveshift@1%
            \else
                \saveshift@0%
                \dimen@\alignsep@
                \multiply\dimen@\count@
                \advance\dimen@\eqnshift@
                \advance\dimen@\@tempdimb
                \ifdim\dimen@<2\tagwidth@
                    \dimen@\displaywidth
                    \advance\dimen@-\@tempdima
                    \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@
                        \advance\dimen@-\mintagsep\relax
                    \fi
                    \divide\dimen@\@tempcnta
                    \ifdim\dimen@<\minalignsep\relax
                        \global\alignsep@\minalignsep\relax
                        \dimen@\displaywidth
                        \advance\dimen@-\@tempdima
                        \advance\dimen@-\@tempcntb\alignsep@
                        \global\divide\dimen@\tw@
                    \else
                        \ifdim\dimen@<\alignsep@
                            \global\alignsep@\dimen@
                        \fi
                    \fi
                    \ifnum\xatlevel@=\tw@
                        \dimen@\mintagsep\relax
                    \fi
                    \advance\dimen@\tagwidth@
                    \advance\dimen@-\@tempdimb
                    \advance\dimen@-\count@\alignsep@
                    \ifdim\dimen@>\eqnshift@
                        \global\eqnshift@\dimen@
                    \fi
                \fi
            \fi
        \endgroup
    }
    \def\x@lcalc@width{%
        \ifdim\@tempdima = \z@
            \ifdim\@tempa > \z@
                \@tempdima\p@
                \ifodd\column@
                    \advance\@tempdimb \maxcol@width\column@
                    \advance\@tempdimb-\@tempa
                \fi
                \count@\column@
                \advance\count@\m@ne
                \divide\count@\tw@
                \advance\@tempcnta-\count@
                \advance\@tempcntb-\count@
            \else
                \advance\@tempdimb \maxcol@width\column@\relax
            \fi
        \fi
    }
\fi\fi
\def\place@tag{%
    \iftagsleft@
        \kern-\tagshift@
        \if1\shift@tag\row@\relax
            \rlap{\vbox{%
                \normalbaselines
                \boxz@
                \vbox to\lineht@{}%
                \raise@tag
            }}%
        \else
            \rlap{\boxz@}%
        \fi
        \kern\displaywidth@
    \else
        \kern-\tagshift@
        \if1\shift@tag\row@\relax
            \llap{\vtop{%
                \raise@tag
                \normalbaselines
                \setbox\@ne\null
                \dp\@ne\lineht@
                \box\@ne
                \boxz@
            }}%
        \else
            \llap{\boxz@}%
        \fi
    \fi
}
\def\align@preamble{%
   &\hfil
    \strut@
    \setboxz@h{\@lign$\m@th\displaystyle{##}$}%
    \ifmeasuring@\savefieldlength@\fi
    \set@field
    \tabskip\z@skip
   &\setboxz@h{\@lign$\m@th\displaystyle{{}##}$}%
    \ifmeasuring@\savefieldlength@\fi
    \set@field
    \hfil
    \tabskip\alignsep@
}
\def\set@field{%
    \column@plus
    \iftagsleft@
        \ifdim\ht\z@>\lineht@
            \global\lineht@\ht\z@
        \fi
    \else
        \ifdim\dp\z@>\lineht@
            \global\lineht@\dp\z@
        \fi
    \fi
    \boxz@
}
\def\split{%
    \ifinany@
        \@xp\insplit@
    \else
        \@xp\split@err
    \fi
}
\edef\split@err{%
    \@nx\@amsmath@err{%
        \string\begin{split} won't work here%
    }{%
        \@xp\@nx\csname
  Did you forget a preceding \string\begin{equation}?^^J%
  If not, perhaps the `aligned' environment is what you want.\endcsname}%
}
\def\insplit@{%
    \global\setbox\z@\vbox\bgroup
        \Let@
        \restore@math@cr
        \default@tag % disallow use of \tag here
        \ialign\bgroup
            \hfil
            \strut@
            $\m@th\displaystyle{##}$%
           &$\m@th\displaystyle{{}##}$%
            \hfill % Why not \hfil?---dmj, 1994/12/28
            \crcr
}
\def\endsplit{%
            \crcr
        \egroup
    \egroup
    \iftagsleft@
        \@xp\lendsplit@
    \else
        \@xp\rendsplit@
    \fi
}
\def\rendsplit@{%
    \ifinalign@
        \global\setbox9 \vtop{%
            \unvcopy\z@
            \global\setbox8 \lastbox
            \unskip
        }%
        \setbox\@ne\hbox{%
            \unhcopy8
            \unskip
            \global\setbox\tw@\lastbox
            \unskip
            \global\setbox\thr@@\lastbox
        }%
        \ifctagsplit@
            \gdef\split@{%
                \hbox to\wd\thr@@{}%
               &\vcenter{\vbox{\moveleft\wd\thr@@\boxz@}}%
            }%
        \else
            \global\setbox7 \hbox{\unhbox\tw@\unskip}%
            \gdef\split@{%
                \global\@tempcnta\column@
               &\setboxz@h{}%
                \savetaglength@
                \global\advance\row@\@ne
                \vbox{\moveleft\wd\thr@@\box9}%
                \crcr
                \noalign{\global\lineht@\z@}%
                \add@amps\@tempcnta
                \box\thr@@
               &\box7
            }%
        \fi
    \else
        \ifctagsplit@
            \gdef\split@{\vcenter{\boxz@}}%
        \else
            \gdef\split@{%
                \boxz@
            }%
        \fi
    \fi
    \aftergroup\split@
}
\def\lendsplit@{%
    \global\setbox9\vtop{\unvcopy\z@}%
    \ifinalign@
        \setbox\@ne\vbox{%
            \unvcopy\z@
            \global\setbox8\lastbox
        }%
        \setbox\@ne\hbox{%
            \unhcopy8%
            \unskip
            \setbox\tw@\lastbox
            \unskip
            \global\setbox\thr@@\lastbox
        }%
        \ifctagsplit@
            \gdef\split@{%
                \hbox to\wd\thr@@{}%
               &\vcenter{\vbox{\moveleft\wd\thr@@\box9}}%
            }%
        \else
            \gdef\split@{%
                \hbox to\wd\thr@@{}%
               &\vbox{\moveleft\wd\thr@@\box9}%
            }%
        \fi
    \else
        \ifctagsplit@
            \gdef\split@{\vcenter{\box9}}%
        \else
            \gdef\split@{\box9}%
        \fi
    \fi
    \aftergroup\split@
}
\newskip\multlinegap
\multlinegap10pt
\newskip\multlinetaggap
\multlinetaggap10pt
\def\start@multline#1{%
    \RIfM@
        \nomath@env
        \DN@{\@namedef{end\@currenvir}{}\@gobble}%
    \else
        $$%
        #1%
        \ifst@rred
            \nonumber
        \else
            \global\@eqnswtrue
        \fi
        \let\next@\multline@
    \fi
    \collect@body\next@
}
\def\multline{\start@multline\st@rredfalse}
\@namedef{multline*}{\start@multline\st@rredtrue}
\def\multline@#1{%
    \inany@true
    \Let@
    \@display@init{\global\advance\row@\@ne \global\dspbrk@lvl\m@ne}%
    \displaybreak@
    \restore@math@cr
    \let\tag\tag@in@align
    \global\tag@false \global\let\raise@tag\@empty
    \mmeasure@{#1}%
    \let\tag\gobble@tag \let\label\@gobble
    \tabskip \if@fleqn \@mathmargin \else \z@skip \fi
    \totwidth@\displaywidth
    \if@fleqn
        \advance\totwidth@-\@mathmargin
    \fi
    \halign\bgroup
        \hbox to\totwidth@{%
            \if@fleqn
                \hskip \@centering \relax
            \else
                \hfil
            \fi
            \strut@
            $\m@th\displaystyle{}##$%
            \hfil
        }%
        \crcr
        \if@fleqn
            \hskip-\@mathmargin
        \else
            \hfilneg
        \fi
        \iftagsleft@
            \iftag@
                \begingroup
                    \ifshifttag@
                        \rlap{\vbox{%
                                \normalbaselines
                                \hbox{%
                                    \strut@
                                    \make@display@tag
                                }%
                                \vbox to\lineht@{}%
                                \raise@tag
                        }}%
                        \hskip\multlinegap
                    \else
                        \make@display@tag
                        \hskip\multlinetaggap
                    \fi
                \endgroup
            \else
                \hskip\multlinegap
            \fi
        \else
            \hskip\multlinegap
        \fi
    #1%
}
\def\endmultline{%
    \iftagsleft@
        \@xp\lendmultline@
    \else
        \@xp\rendmultline@
    \fi
    \global\@ignoretrue
}
\@xp\let\csname endmultline*\endcsname=\endmultline
\def\lendmultline@{%
        \hfilneg
        \hskip\multlinegap
        \math@cr
    \egroup
    $$%
}
\def\rendmultline@{%
    \iftag@
        \begingroup
            \ifshifttag@
                \hskip\multlinegap
                \llap{\vtop{%
                    \raise@tag
                    \normalbaselines
                    \setbox\@ne\null
                    \dp\@ne\lineht@
                    \box\@ne
                    \hbox{\strut@\make@display@tag}%
                }}%
            \else
                \hskip\multlinetaggap
                \make@display@tag
            \fi
        \endgroup
    \else
        \hskip\multlinegap
    \fi
    \hfilneg
        \math@cr
    \egroup$$%
}
\def\mmeasure@#1{%
    \begingroup
        \measuring@true
        \def\label##1{%
          \begingroup\measuring@false\label@in@display{##1}\endgroup}%
        \def\math@cr@@@{\cr}%
        \let\shoveleft\@iden \let\shoveright\@iden
        \savecounters@
        \global\row@\z@
        \setbox\@ne\vbox{%
            \global\let\df@tag\@empty
            \halign{%
                \setboxz@h{\@lign$\m@th\displaystyle{}##$}%
                \iftagsleft@
                    \ifnum\row@=\@ne
                        \global\totwidth@\wdz@
                        \global\lineht@\ht\z@
                    \fi
                \else
                    \global\totwidth@\wdz@
                    \global\lineht@\dp\z@
                \fi
                \crcr
                #1%
                \crcr
            }%
        }%
        \ifx\df@tag\@empty\else\global\tag@true\fi
        \if@eqnsw\global\tag@true\fi
        \iftag@
            \setboxz@h{%
                \if@eqnsw
                    \stepcounter{equation}%
                    \tagform@\theequation
                \else
                    \df@tag
                \fi
            }%
            \global\tagwidth@\wdz@
            \dimen@\totwidth@
            \advance\dimen@\tagwidth@
            \advance\dimen@\multlinetaggap
            \iftagsleft@\else
                \if@fleqn
                    \advance\dimen@\@mathmargin
                \fi
            \fi
            \ifdim\dimen@>\displaywidth
                \global\shifttag@true
            \else
                \global\shifttag@false
            \fi
        \fi
        \restorecounters@
    \endgroup
}
\iftagsleft@
    \def\shoveright#1{%
        #1%
        \hfilneg
        \hskip\multlinegap
    }
\else
    \def\shoveright#1{%
        #1%
        \hfilneg
        \iftag@
            \ifshifttag@
                \hskip\multlinegap
            \else
                \hskip\tagwidth@
                \hskip\multlinetaggap
            \fi
        \else
            \hskip\multlinegap
        \fi
    }
\fi

\if@fleqn
    \def\shoveleft#1{#1}%
\else
    \iftagsleft@
        \def\shoveleft#1{%
            \setboxz@h{$\m@th\displaystyle{}#1$}%
            \setbox\@ne\hbox{$\m@th\displaystyle#1$}%
            \hfilneg
            \iftag@
                \ifshifttag@
                    \hskip\multlinegap
                \else
                    \hskip\tagwidth@
                    \hskip\multlinetaggap
                \fi
            \else
                \hskip\multlinegap
            \fi
            \hskip.5\wd\@ne
            \hskip-.5\wdz@
            #1%
        }
    \else
        \def\shoveleft#1{%
            \setboxz@h{$\m@th\displaystyle{}#1$}%
            \setbox\@ne\hbox{$\m@th\displaystyle#1$}%
            \hfilneg
            \hskip\multlinegap
            \hskip.5\wd\@ne
            \hskip-.5\wdz@
            #1%
        }
    \fi
\fi
\def\[{%
    \RIfM@
        \@badmath
    \else
        \DN@{%
            $$%
            \ingather@true
            \inany@true
            \def\\{\@amsmath@err{\Invalid@@\\}\@eha}%
            \tabskip\@mathmargin
            \halign to\displaywidth\bgroup
                \if@fleqn\else\hfil\fi
                \setboxz@h{$\m@th\displaystyle{####}$}%
                \global\totwidth@\wdz@
                \boxz@
                \hfil
                \tabskip\@centering
                \cr
        }%
        \@xp\next@
    \fi
}

\def\]{%
    \RIfM@
        \DN@{%
                \crcr
            \black@\totwidth@
            \egroup
            $$%
        }%
        \@xp\next@
    \else
        \@badmath
    \fi
}
\@xp\def\@xp\@arrayparboxrestore\@xp{\@arrayparboxrestore
  \inany@false\ingather@false\inalign@false \default@tag}
\def\equation{\gather\def\\{\@amsmath@err{\Invalid@@\\}\@eha}}
\def\endequation{\endgather}
\newenvironment{equation*}{%
  \equation
}{%
  \nonumber\endequation
}
\endinput
%%
%% End of file `amsmath.sty'.