; TeX output 1997.04.15:1225nBo]o]Z3{G ptmr7tTheQNehwTSEyXFA Q.YgourQ111QuestionsAnsweredKversionQ2.0i,date1997/01/023{ ptmr7tTheUKT3EXUsersGroupCommittee\aftertheoriginalmaintainedby.BobbyBodenheimer3bGApril15,1997%58 ptmrc7tNote 3{ ptmr7tThis,JdocumentisavversionoftheFUALQ,EarticlethatwaspublishedastheDecember1994editionoftheUKTUGmag~azineKj ptmri7tBaskerville (which4qwasn'֋tformattedlikethis).bTheintentionisthatitscontentshouldbeavfailabletobefedbackintothenormal0 pcrr7tcomp.text.texFUALQ@postingsometimesoon,butthatworkisn'֋tyetcomplete.?E1fX?4...................J842HowshouldIpronounce\TU>?E1fX"?AA.........J843Whatis"o> logo10METAF9ONT?e0...............J844WhatisMETAPqOST?sb..............J845WhatisLff#3{ ptmr7tA;TU>?E1fX?O..................J846HowshouldIpronounce\LffA;TU>?E1fX(2 b> cmmi10")ƹ)"?......J857ShouldIuse$0 pcrr7tplainTU>?E1fXorLffA;TU>?EX? ........J858WhataretheAMSpackages( !", cmsy10AU>?M S-TU>?E1fX,%Kj ptmri7tetc.)?t.J859WhatisEplain?z..................J8510WhatisLollipop?Gk.................J8511WhatisTLe٠xinfo?1.................J8512IfTU>?E1fXissogood,howcomeit's8sfree?D......J8613WhatisthefutureofTU>?E1fX?ƌ............J8614WhatareTUGandTUGboat.?K...........J8615Aretherenationally-basedusergroups,too?Qt...J8616TUGTLechnicalW37orkingGroups?.........J86CDocumentationandHelp717BooksonTU>?E1fXanditsrelations卍..........J8718Whereto ndthisarticle.............J8819MailinglistsaboutTU>?E1fXanditsfriendsJ......J8820Bib32TU>?E1fXDocumentation..............J8821ThePП?IaJCfTU>?E1fXmanual................J8922Finding(LffA9)@TU>?E1fXmacropackages.........J8923Finding lesintheCT)ANarchiv٠es ........J89DBitsandpiecesofTU>NEXyl1024WhatisaDVI le?`6................J81025Whatisadriv٠er?O.................J81026WhatarePK les?[.................J8104*8eg8273WhatareTFM les?֍................J810 283Vfgirtualfonts덍....................J810293\specialcommands+..............J810303DocumentedLffA;TU>?E1fXsources(.dtx les)}.....J811313WhataretheDCfonts?..............J811N̍ EAcquiringtheSoftware"11323RepositoriesofTU>?E1fXmaterial`?...........J811333Contributinga letothearchiv٠esF.........J812343Findingnewfonts.................J812353TU>?E1fXCD-ROMs"...................J812 FTU>NEXSystems4*12363(LffA9)@TU>?E1fXfordi erentmachines9..........J812373TU>?E1fX-friendlyeditorsandshells..........J813383CommercialTU>?E1fXimplementations]........J814 G&ߌ ptmb7tDVIDrigversandPre٠viewersq&o15393DVItoPostScriptconv٠ersionprograms]z......J815403DVIdriv٠ersforHPLaserJetx............J816413DVIpreviewers~썍..................J816 HSupportPgackagesforTU>NEXw+16423Fig,aTU>?E1fX-friendlydra٠wingpackageS4.......J816433TU>?E1fXCAD,adra٠wingpackageforLffA;TU>?EXh......J816443SpellingcheckgersforworkwithTU>?E1fX].......J816453TheVL͟?OR0TU>?E1fXpackageAc...............J816 ILiterateprogramming17463WhatisLiterateProgramming?..........J817473WEBforC,FORfgTRAN,andotherlanguages...J81741*nBo]3o](JFormatconvgersionsӫ17 48Conv٠ersionbetween(LffA9)@TU>?E1fXandothers}.....J81749Conv٠ersionfrom(LffA9)@TU>?E1fXtoplainASCIIx̍.....J81850Conv٠ersionfromSGMLorHTMLtoTU>?E1fX].....J81851(LffA9)@TU>?E1fXconv٠ersiontoHTML$...........J81852Makingh7yperte٠xtdocumentsfromTU>?E1fX_.....J81953MakingAcrobatdocumentsfromLffA;TU>?E1fX*.....J819K'MP logobf10METAF}'ONT'01954GettingMETAF9ONTtodowhatyouwgant....J81955Whichfont lesshouldbekgept..........J82056Gettingbitmapsfromthearchiv٠es........J820LPostScriptandTU>NEXȳ2157UsingPostScriptfontswithTU>?E1fX/.........J82158Previewing lesusingPostScriptfonts}......J82159TU>?E1fXfontmetric lesforPostScriptfontsݡ.....J82160ProblemsusingPostScriptfontsmō.........J82261ChoiceofscalableoutlinefontsYM..........J82262IncludingaPostScript gureinLffA;TU>?E1fXC......J823MSpecialsortsoftypesettingv02463Dra٠wingwithTU>?E1fX[ .................J82464Double-spaceddocumentsinLffA;TU>?E1fX9........J82465F٠ormattingathesisinLffA;TU>?E1fX............J82466Flowingte٠xtaround guresinLffA;TU>?E1fXr.......J82467Alternativ٠ehead-andfootlinesinLffA;TU>?E1fXd%.....J82568Includinga leinv٠erbatiminLffA;TU>?E1fXf.......J82569Generatinganinde٠xin(LffA9)@TU>?E1fX..........J82570UsingBib32TU>?E1fXwithplainTU>?EXl .........J82571T37ypesettingmusicinTU>?E1fXb.............J82672Dra٠wingFeynmandiagramsinLffA;TU>?E1fX.......J826NHogwdoIdo(ڶ% ptmbi7tXinTU>NEXorLff)ߌ ptmb7tA;TU>NEXd?T2673Proofenvironment ꍍ................J82674Symbolsforthenumbersets...........J82675Romantheoremsr鍍.................J82676Labelsonlists"...................J82777UnnumberedsectionsintheT37ableofContentsG..J82778F٠ootnotesintablesÍ................J82779Styleofsectionheadings:.............J8274*8*8%ȍ803Indentaftersectionheadings?...........J828 Q813F٠ootnotesinLffA;TU>?E1fXsectionheadings󃍍.......J828823ChangingthemarginsinLffA;TU>?E1fX{2..........J828833Findingthewidthofaletter,wgord,orphrase...J828843Excludingblocksofte٠xtfromtheDVI lec....J829853De ninganewlog-likgefunctioninLffA;TU>?E1fXpݍ....J829863T37ypesettingallthoseTU>?E1fX-relatedlogosR......J829 OThingsareGoingWrong...r29873W37eirdh7yphenationofwgords...........J829883(Merely)peculiarh7yphenationč..........J829893Accentedwgordsaren'th7yphenated5C........J829903EnlargingTU>?E1fX7:...................J830913Mo٠vingtablesand guresinLffA;TU>?E1fX........J830923\pagestyle{empty}on rstpageinLffA;TU>?E1fX0.J830933Oddbehaviourof\rm,\bf,etc.h.........J830943OldLffA;TU>?E1fXfontreferencessuchas\tenrm...J831953Missingsymbolsmڍ.................J831963LffA;TU>?E1fXgetscross-referenceswrongJ........J831973\@and@inmacronames= .............J831983Wherearethemsxandmsyfonts? ........J831993Wherearetheamfonts?.............J8311003`Stringtoolong'inBib32TU>?E1fXc............J832 PWh٠ydoesitdothat?(321013Wh7ydoesitignoreparagraphparameters?`̍....J8321023What's8sthereasonfor`protection'? ۍ........J8321033Wh7ydoesn't\verbwgorkwithin...?Ǎ......J8321043Case-changingodditiesf..............J8331053Wh7yare#signsdoubledinmacros?.......J833 QRecentDe٠vgelopments331063TheNewF٠ontSelectionScheme(NFSS).....J8331073LffA;TU>?E1fX2"X(thenewstandardLffA;TU>?E1fX)........J8331083TheLffA;TU>?E1fX3projecto................J8341093TheOme٠g7aproject................J8341103TheNy=?T v2S?project܍.................J834 RPerhapsThereisn'GtanAnswerdI341113Whattodoifyou ndabugፍ...........J834ByG̍AIntroduction6yThis0harticlewgaspreparedbytheCommitteeoftheUKTU>?E1fXUsers Group&(UKTUG)^1&̹asadev٠elopmentofaregularpostingtotheUsenetwnewsgroupqhcomp.text.texthatwgasmaintainedforsome4timebyBobbyBodenheimer(bobby@hot.caltech.edu). Usenetxisamechanismfore٠xchangingarticlesbetweenpeo-plewhoshareinterestsorneeds^2;\anewsgroupisanareawithinUsenetmcarryingaparticularclassofarticles. Sinceacom-monCsortofarticleasksforhelp,adviceorinformation,andsinceQcertainofthesequestionsarere٠gularlyrepeated(oftenwith4*8lw monotonousre٠gularity),Psomepublic-spiritedsoulstooktowrit- ingarticleswhichlisted\FrequentlyAskgedQuestions"andan- swers3tothem.4Man٠ymembersofUKTUGdonothaveaccess tonUsenet,qbutcouldbee٠xpectedtovaluetheanswersaboutTU>?E1fX thatDxhav٠eaccumulatedovertheyears;sowedecidedtoupdate the0listandpublishitinBaskgerville;JwearegratefultoBobbyfor hispermissiontousehisarticleinthiswgayY.0Asaquidproquo, weearemakingthesourceofthearticlefreelyavailable,andit can~becompiledbyan٠yonewhorunsaproductionLffA;TU>?E1fX2"'=׹(see question u107),0andhastherequiredfonts.Itisthecommittee's8s hopethatitwillalsobepossibleforthecontentofthisarticletoff΃ 荍 h-:+3{ ptmr7t1fh*3{ ptmr7tFMor1996{97:zPeterAbbott,Ka vehBazar&gan,Da vidCarlisle,MalcolmClark,RobinFairbairns,Hewlett,AlanJe reyandSebastianRahtz 鍍 h-:2fhUsenet,Casitsnameimplies,isameansofusingsomesortofnetwork;intheearliestdaysthenetworkwasmadebystringingtogetheraseriesoftelephonelines,Cb ut nowadaysUsenetismostoftencarriedoMvertheInternet42)ڠnBo]ɍfeed.backtothewgorld-wideTU>?E1fXcommunityviaBobby's8sre٠gular posting. XInaddition,7atranslationofthearticleisavailableontheW37orld-WideWeb,viaURLhttp://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?introduction=yes^3W37e>Yhav٠erearrangedBobby's8sarticlequitealot,andhav٠eaddednewquestionsandanswersonthebasisofoure٠xperienceofansweringquestionsaboutTU>?E1fX,4writingdocumentsinTU>?EX,and}dev٠elopingmacrosforTU>?E1fX,overtheyears.]W37ehavealsopruned=*ittotakgeaccountofthechangesthathav٠ehappenedinthewgorldofTU>?E1fXsinceBobby rststarted.The.committeeisgratefulforhelpandadvice,9fromthefollowingY{outsideitsnumber:̍BarbaraBeeton,KarlBerryY,DamianCugle٠yY,MichaelDownes,JohnHobbyY,BertholdHorn,W37erner AIcking,!TLedNieland,P٠atRau,PietvanOostrum,JoachimSchrod,7)PhilipT37aylor,UlrikVfgieth,RickZacconeandReinhardZierkge.Further,4RosemaryBaile٠yY,JonathanFineandChrisRowle٠ywere9membersofthecommitteeduringtheperiod1993{95,Gdur-ingGwhichtheentrepriseofdev٠elopingthisFBAs8Q'wgasconceiv٠edandVits rstv٠ersionwgaspublished,9landwearegratefultothemfortheircontributionstoit.ra,ߌ ptmb7tFindingtheFilesUnless]otherwisespeci ed,all lesmentionedinthisarticleareavailable fromaCT)ANarchiv٠e,{orfromoneoftheirmirrors.Question|32giv٠esdetailsoftheCT)ANarchiv٠es,7andhowtore-triev٠e lesfromthem.ѡIfyoudon'thaveaccesstotheInternet,question235tellsyouofsourcesofCD-ROMsthato ersnapshotsofthearchiv٠es.The7readershouldalsonotethatthe rstdirectorynameofSthepathnameofev٠ery leonCT)ANhasbeenelidedfromwhat follows,oforthesimplereasonthatit's8salgways thesame(tex-archive/).T37o~avoidconfusion,~we'v٠ealsoelidedthefullstop^4~fromtheend~ofan٠ysentencewhoselastitemisapathname(notethatsuchmsentencesonlyoccurattheendofparagraphs).EThoughthepathQnamesaresetinadi erentfontfromrunningte٠xt, it's8snoteasytodistinguishthefontofasingledot!$aB2TheBackgroundS%1WhatisTEX?TU>?E1fX\isatypesettingsystemwrittenbyDonaldE.Knuth,rwhosays^vinthePrefgacetohisbookonTU>?E1fX(seequestion17)thatitis\intendedZforthecrGeationofbeautifulbooks|andespeciallyforbooksthatcontainalotofmathematics".KnuthJdev٠elopedasystemof`literateprogramming'towriteTU>?E1fX,andhepro٠videstheliterate(WEB)sourceofTU>?EXfreeofAhcharge,togetherwithtoolsforprocessingthewebsourceintoysomethingthatcanbecompiledandsomethingthatcanbe4*8}s\ printed;*there's8s}nev٠eranymysteryaboutwhatTU>?E1fXdoes.Further- more,the.WEBsystempro٠videsmechanismstoportTU>?E1fXtonew operatingsystemsandcomputers;`inorderthatonemayhav٠e somecon denceintheports,Knuthsuppliedatestbymeansof whichonemayjudgethe delityofaTU>?E1fXsystem.ITU>?EXandits documentsarethereforehighlyportable. ?TU>?E1fX?isamacroprocessor,qando ersitsusersapowerful programmingocapabilityY.F٠orthisreason,TU>?E1fXonitsownisa prettydicultbeasttodealwith,$soKnuthpro٠videdapackage ofmacrosforusewithTU>?E1fXcalledplainTU>?EX;VplainTU>?EXis e ectiv٠elydtheminimumsetofmacrosonecanusefullyemplogy withjTU>?E1fX,togetherwithsomedemonstrationv٠ersionsofhigher- lev٠el~commands(thelatterarebetterreg7ardedasmodelsthan usedas-is).Whenpeoplesaythe٠y're\programminginTU>?E1fX", the٠yusuallymeanthey'reprogramminginplainTU>?E1fX. 2HoIwshouldIprȹonounce\TEX"?8Ѝ The1`X'1standsfortheGreekletterChi(),^6andispronounced byEnglish-speakgerseitherabitlikethe`ch'in`loch'([x]inthe IPA)orlikge`k'.Itde nitelyisnotpronounced`ks'. 3Whatis-MP logobf10MET~AFbONT?8Ѝ METAF9ONTwgaswrittenbyKnuthasacompaniontoTU>?E1fX; whereas5TU>?E1fXde nesthelayoutofglyphsonapage,]METAF9ONT de nes;theshapesoftheglyphsandtherelationsbetweenthem. METAF9ONTizdetailsithesizesofglyphs,$forTU>?E1fX's8sbene t,and detailstherastersusedtorepresenttheglyphs,bforthebene tof programsMXthatwillproduceprintedoutputaspostprocessesafter arunofTU>?E1fX. ?METAF9ONT's8slanguageforde ningfontspermitsthee٠x- pressionsofsev٠eralclassesofthings:$~ rst(ofcourse),thesimple geometryoftheglyphs;-second,Rthepropertiesoftheprintengine for?Owhichtheoutputisintended;andthird,o"`meta'-information whichcandistinguishdi erentdesignsizesofthesamefont,*or theƸdi erencebetweentwgofontsthatbelongtothesame(orre- lated)fgamilies.Knuth~(andothers)hav٠edesignedafgairrangeoffontsusing METAF9ONT,jbutfontdesignusingMETAF9ONTEismuchmoreof aGminorityskillthanisTU>?E1fXmacro-writing.mThecompleteTU>?EX- user]nev٠erthelessneedstobeawgareofMETAF9ONT,andtobe abletorunMETAF9ONTtogeneratepersonalcopiesofnewfonts. 4WhatisMET~APOST?8Ѝ The7METAPqOST6systemimplementsapicture-dra٠winglan- guage(v٠erymuchlikgethatofMETAF9ONTexceptthatitoutputs PostScriptcommandsinsteadofrun-length-encodedbitmaps. METAPqOST7isۑapowerfullanguageforproducing guresfor documents:tobeprintedonPostScriptprinters.J%Itpro٠videsac- cess2toallthefeaturesofPostScriptanditincludesfgacilitiesfor inte٠gratingtextandgraphics.(Knuthtellsusthatheusesnothing elsefordiagramsinte٠xtthatheiswriting.)ff΃ 荍 h-:3fhThisisatemporaryURL;a nalhomeforthedocumentistobeproMvidedinduecourse 鍍 h-:4fh`Fullstop'(BritishEnglish)==`period'(AmericanEnglish)43`נnBo][o]MuchofMETAPqOST's8ssourcecodewgascopiedfromMETA- F9ONT's8ssourceswithKnuth'spermission. X5WhatisLq,.ߌ ptmb7tATEX? LffA;TU>?E1fXKisaTU>?EXmacropackage,V-originallywrittenbyLeslieLam-port,thatȸpro٠videsadocumentprocessingsystem.LffA;TU>?E1fXallowsmarkuptodescribethestructureofadocument,sothattheuserneed{\notthinkaboutpresentation. Byusingdocumentclassesandadd-onpackages,*thesamedocumentcanbeproducedinavarietyofdi erentlayouts. 9Lamport&tsaysthatLffA;TU>?E1fX\rGepresents&tabalancebetweenfunc-tionalityzandeaseofuse".Thisshowsitselfasacontinualcon- ictxthatleadstotheneedforsuchasthepresentarticle:LffA;TU>?E1fXcanm?E1fX,>but6alotofpeoplepronounceit`LayTU>?EX'orperhaps`Lah%;TU>?E1fX'(withTU>?EXpronouncedastheprogramitself;C}seeques-tion2). 9The;`epsilon'in`LffA;TU>?E1fX2""@'issupposedtobesuggestiv٠eofasmallimpro٠vementovertheoldLffA;TU>?E1fX2.09.xNevertheless,amostpeoplepronouncethenameas`LffA;TU>?E1fX-twgo-ee'.97ShouldIuse80 pcrb7tplainTEXorLq,ATEX?There's8s-nostraightforwgardanswertothisquestion. Man٠ypeo-pleswearbyplainTU>?E1fX,$andproducehighlyrespectabledoc-umentscusingit(Knuthisane٠xampleofthis,ofcourse).\ButequallyY,man٠ypeoplearehappgytoletsomeoneelsetakethede-sign^decisionsforthem,acceptingasmalllossof e٠xibilityine٠xchangeforasavingofbrainpowers8. 9The@argumentsaroundthistopiccanpro٠vokgehugeamountsof-noiseandheat,C7withouto eringmuchbywgayoflight;jCyourbesthbetisto ndoutwhatthosearoundyouareusing,mlandtogowiththecrowd.Lateron,,youcanalgwaysswitchyouralle٠giance;don'tbotheraboutit.Ifyouarepreparingamanuscriptforapublisherorjournal,askthemwhatmarkupthe٠ywgantbeforeyoudevelopyourown;man٠y@bigpublishershavedevelopedtheirownLffA;TU>?E1fXstylesforjournalsandbooks,(andinsistthatauthorsstickcloselytotheirmarkup. X8WhatarȹetheAMSpackages(5Ɍ cmbsy10AM S-TEX,9ڶ% ptmbi7tetc.)? AU>?M S-TU>?E1fXisaTU>?EXmacropackage,vLoriginallywrittenbyMichael.SpivakfortheAmericanMathematicalSociety(AMS)duringג1983{1985. NItisdescribedin\TheJoyofTU>4xE1fXp"byMichaelD.Spivak(secondedition,AMS,1990,ISBNI0-821-82997-1).GIt$isbasedonplainTU>?E1fX,butpro٠videsmanyfea-turesforproducingmoreprofessional-lookingmathsformulaswithKlessburdenonauthors.xItpaysattentiontothe nerde-tailsofsizingandpositioningthatmathematicalpublisherscare4*8YE% about.They"aspectsco٠veredy"includemulti-linedisplayedequa- tions,equation7numbering,ellipsisdots,matrices,doubleac- cents,multi-linezsubscripts,syntaxchecking(fgasterprocessing oninitialerror-checkingTU>?E1fXruns),andotherthings. AsLffA;TU>?E1fXincreasedinpopularityY,cauthorsaskgedtosubmit papers2totheAMSinLffA;TU>?E1fX,_]andsotheAMSdev٠elopedAU>?M S- LffA;TU>?E1fX,Xwhich-3isacollectionofLffATU>?E1fXpackagesandclassesthat o erauthorsmostofthefunctionalityofAU>?M S-TU>?E1fX. 9WhatisEplain? The9Eplainmacropackagee٠xpandsonandextendsthedef- initionsinplainTU>?E1fX. Eplainisnotintendedtopro٠vide \generic&typesettingcapabilities",asdoLffA;TU>?E1fXorTLe٠xinfo(see question11).lInstead,itpro٠videsde nitionsthatareintended to,beusefulre٠g7ardlessofthehigh-levelcommandsthatyouuse whenyouactuallyprepareyourmanuscript.F٠or\example,sEplaindoesnothaveacommand\section, which wwgouldformatsectionheadingsinan\appropriate"wayY,#as LffA;TU>?E1fX's8sa\section.CThephilosoph7yofEplainisthatsomepeo- plewillalgwaysneedorwganttogobe٠yondthemacrodesigner's8s ideaLof\appropriate".}Suchcannedmacrosare ne|aslongas you arewillingtoaccepttheresultingoutput.Ifyoudon'tlikge theresults, orifyouaretryingtomatchadi erentformat,you areoutofluck.OnLqtheotherhand,almostev٠eryonewgouldlikecapabilities such[ascross-referencingbylabels,c%sothatyoudon'thav٠etoput actualUpagenumbersinthemanuscript.KarlBerryY, theauthor ofEplain,saysheisnota٠wgareofanygenerallyavailablemacro packagesMthatdonotforcetheirtypographicstyleonanauthor, andyetpro٠videsuchcapabilities.&̍ 10%WhatisLollipop? Lollipop)isamacropackagewrittenbyVfgictorEijkhout;~itwgas usedintheproductionofhisbook\TU>4xE1fXbyTopic"(seeques- tion17).Themanualsaysofit:!獑&Lollipoppis`TU>?E1fXmadeeasy'.Lollipopisamacro&packagethatfunctionsasatoolboxforwritingTU>?E1fX¯os.CIt9wgasmyintentiontomakemacrowriting&soGeasythatimplementingafullynewlayoutinTU>?E1fX&wgould#Fbecomeamatteroflessthananhourforan&av٠erage9document,hgandthatitwgouldbeataskthat&couldbeaccomplishedbysomeonewithonlyav٠ery&basictraininginTU>?E1fXprogramming.k&LollipophDisanattempttomakgestructuredte٠xtfor-&matting]availableforenvironmentswhereprevi-&ouslyHonlywysiwygpackagescouldbeusedbe-&causeadaptingthelayoutissomuchmoreeasywith&themthanwithtraditionalTU>?E1fXmacropackages.Thep$manualgoesontotalkofambitionsto\capturesomeof theALffA;TU>?E1fXmarkgetshare";it's8sav٠erywittypackage,butlittlesign of ittakingo٠ver fromLffA;TU>?E1fXisdetectable...An articleaboutLol- lipopappearedinTUGboat13(3).44nBo][o]11WhatisTfexinf3o?TLe٠xinfonisadocumentationsystemthatusesonesource leto producebothon-lineinformationandprintedoutput.`Soinsteadofwritingtwgodi erentdocuments,onefortheon-linehelpandthet otherforatypesetmanual,(youneedwriteonlyonedocu-mentEsource le.Whenthewgorkisrevised,Pyouneedonlyreviseonedocument.QYgoucanreadtheon-lineinformation,_wknownas an\Info le",HwithanInfodocumentation-readingprogram.By[conv٠ention,2TLexinfosource lenamesendwitha.texior.texinfoVye٠xtension.YgoucanwriteandformatTLexinfo lesinto@Info leswithinGNUemacs,MDandreadthemusingtheemacsInfo readers8.Ifyoudonothav٠eemacs,H&youcanformatTLexinfo lesintoInfo lesusingmakgeinfoandreadthemusinginfo.The TLe٠xinfodistribution,H#includingasetofTU>?E1fXmacrosforformattinghTLe٠xinfo lesisavailableasmacros/texinfo/texinfo-3.9.tar.gz[(alsoavailableasa.zip lemacros/texinfo/texinfo-3.9.zip).12IfTEXissogood,hoIwcomeit'Vsfrȹee?It's8sfreebecauseKnuthchosetomakgeitso.Heisnev٠erthelessapparentlyyhappgythatothersshouldearnmone٠ybysellingTU>?E1fX-basedbservicesandproducts.Whilesev٠eralvaluableTU>?E1fX-relatedtoolsTandpackagesareo eredsubjecttorestrictionsimposedbytheBVGNUGeneralPublicLicence(`Copgyleft'),rTU>?E1fXitselfisnotsubjecttoCopgyleft.Therearecommercialv٠ersionsofTU>?E1fXavailable;;oforsomeusers, it's8sreassuringtohav٠epaidsupport.Whatismore,someof thecommercialimplementationshav٠efeaturesthatarenotavailableU@infreev٠ersions.W(Therev٠erseisalsotrue:somefreeimplementationshav٠efeaturesnotavailablecommerciallyY.)UsuallyY,=Pthistarticledoesnotdescribecommercialv٠ersions;Question38liststhemajorv٠endors.13WhatisthefuturȹeofTEX?Knuthahasdeclaredthathewilldonofurtherdev٠elopmentofTU>?E1fX; heGwillcontinueto xan٠ybugsthatarereportedtohim(thoughbugsarerare).VThisdecisionwgasmadesoonafterTU>?E1fXv٠ersion3.0wgasreleased;ateachbug- xreleasetheversionnum-berdacquiresonemoredigit,}sothatittendstothelimit=(atthetime eofwriting,$QKnuth's8slatestreleaseisv٠ersion3.14159).eKnuthwgants:TU>?E1fXtobefrozenatv٠ersionwhenhedies;Wthereafter,nofurthergchangesmaybemadetoKnuth's8ssource.z(A_similarruleisappliedtoMETAF9ONT;itsv٠ersionnumbertendstothelimite,andcurrentlystandsat2.718.)Thereהareprojects(someofthemlong-termprojects:see,forue٠xample,wquestion108)tobuildsubstantialnewmacropack-agesbasedonTU>?E1fX.jF٠ortheevenlongerterm,'therearevariousprojectsgtobuildasuccessortoTU>?E1fX;ohseequestions109and8110.14WhatarȹeTUGandTUGboat /?TUG}istheTU>?E1fXUsersGroup.TUGboat*isTUG's8smainjournal,containingtusefularticlesaboutTU>?E1fXandMETAF9ONT.TUGalsoproduces9Qanewsletterformembers(TU>?E1fXandTUGNews),Gtorg7an-ises]ayearlyconference,3runstrainingcourses,sellsalmostall4*8YE% TU>?E1fX-relatedbooks,5anddistributesTU>?EX-relatedmicrocomputer softwgareondisk.yTUGhasaTLechnicalCounciltocoordinate TU>?E1fX-relateddev٠elopments(seequestion16).(Enquiriesshould bedirectedto:&TU>?E1fXUsersGroup&1850UnionStreet,#1637&SanFranciscoCA94123&USA&TLel:(+1)805-963-1338&F٠ax:(+1)805-963-8358&Email:tug@tug.org&W37eb:http://www.tug.org/&CT)ANdetails:usergrps/tug. 15%Arȹetherenationally-basedusergroups,too? Thefollowinggroupspublishtheirmembership(etc.)'informa- tionelectronicallyonCT)ANarchiv٠es:ٍ&DANTE,DeutschsprachigeAnwenderv٠ereinigung0TU>?E1fXe.V.&Postfgach101840&D-69008Heidelberg&German٠y&TLel:(+49)0622129766&F٠ax:(+49)06221167906&Email:dante@dante.de&W37eb:http://www.dante.de/&CT)ANdetails:usergrps/danteٍ&AssociationGUTenberg,&BP10,&93220Gagn٠yprincipal,&France&Email:gut@irisa.fr&W37eb:http://www.ens.fr/gut/&CT)ANdetails:usergrps/gutٍ&NTG&Postbus394,1740AJSchagen,&TheNetherlands&Email:ntg@nic.surfnet.nl&W37eb:$ http://ei0.ei.ele.tue.nl/ntg/&ntg.html>יּ(notethatthisisatemporaryaddress)&CT)ANdetails:usergrps/ntgٍ&UKTU>?E1fXUsers'Group,&c)/Yo2APeterAbbott,&1EymoreClose,&SellyOak,&BirminghamB294LB&UK&TLel:(+44)01214762159&Email:UKTuG-Enquiries@tex.ac.uk&W37eb:http://www.tex.ac.uk/UKTUG/&home.html&CT)ANdetails:usergrps/uktug45nBo][o]AlistingKofallknowngroupsisavailableasusergrps/ info/usergrps.texj16TUGTfechnicalWorkingGrȹoupsTUG:(seequestion14)hasanautonomousTLechnicalCouncilwhicho٠verseesanumberofwgorkinggroupsonareasofcom-moninteresttotheTU>?E1fXcommunityY.TheCouncilhasthreemem-bersm(currentchairisMichaelFerguson,assistedbyYannisHar-alambousVandSebastianRahtz),wholiaisewithchairpeopleofeach5wgorkinggroup.7Eachgroupestablishesitsownworkingmethods>{andmembership,nandan٠yoneinterestedintakingpartshould*contactthechairs8.Suggestionsfornewgroupsshouldbe̬addressedtoMichaelFerguson(mike@inrs-telecom.uquebec.ca).Abrieflistoftheactiv٠egroupsfollows:lWG-92-00(IRP-TWG)InIndependentResearGc٠hProjectTWG.T37orecogniseandreporttotheTU>?E1fXBoardandtheTU>?EXCommunityonimportantprojectswhichareindependentofTUGbutareofconcerntotheentireTU>?E1fXCommunityY.Contact:AlanHoenig(ajhjj@cunyvm.cuny.edu),WG-92-01pTU>4xE1fXExtendedMathematicsF7ontEncoding٠.T37ocreatefontencodingstandardsforMathematicalfontsusedinTU>?E1fXsystems.Contact:BarbaraBeeton(bnb@math.ams.org),WG-92-03pMultipleLanguaggeCoorGdination.Theprimarypurposeofthiswgorkinggroupistoobtain,for,STU>?E1fXsystems,=aconsistentmeansforimplementing,ac-cessing,anddescribing,thefonts,lig7aturerules,h7yphen-ationgpatternsandotherspecialrequirementsforagiv٠enlinguisticgroup.Contact:YannishHaralambous(Yannis.Haralambous@univ-lille1.fr),WG-92-04pTU>4xE1fXfortheDisabled.TheEprimarypurposeofthiswgorkinggroupisasaforumfor^thosepeopleinterestedinusingand/orenhancingTU>?E1fXto;serv٠etheneedsofthosewithvisualandotherdisabili-ties.Contact:TB.V.Raman(raman@adobe.com),WG-92-05pTU>4xE1fXArGc٠hiveGuidelines.The#purposeofthisTLechnicalW37orkingGroupistode-v٠eloppguidelinesforthee ectivemanagementandutilisa-tionofmajorTU>?E1fXarchiv٠es,andtoinitiatecommunicationamongCthemaintainersofthee٠xistingarchivesforthepur-poseofcoordinationandsynchronisation.Contact:SebastianRahtz(s.rahtz@elsevier.co.uk),WG-94-07pTU>4xE1fXDirGectoryStructures.TheprimarypurposeofthisTWGistoidentifyauniv٠er-saldirectorystructureformacros,(fontsandotherrelatedTU>?E1fXsoftwgaresothatrecommendationscanbemadetoallsuppliersofTU>?E1fXsoftwgare.4?ТY/^&The group's8scurrentsetofproposalsaretobefoundon &CT)ANattds/draft-standardj&Contact:KarlBerry(kb@cs.umb.edu) WG-94-08?jDVIǐDriveriImplementationandStandarGdisation&Issues.&Themajorobjectiv٠eshallbetostudytheissuesinthere-&quirementsofDVIDriv٠ersimposedbychangingneedsand&technologies,andF/tomakgerecommendationsforimple-&mentation,andstandardisationofsuchdriv٠erstoenhance&the܋uniformityoftheiruse./9W37orkwillinclude,butnotbe&limitedHto,thee٠xaminationoftheuse,syntax,andseman-&ticsof\special{..}commands.&Contact:MichaelSofka(sofkam@rpi.edu) WG-94-09?jTU>4xE1fXandSGML.&The(majorobjectiv٠eistoinvestig7atetherequirementsand&dicultiesindev٠elopinganinterfgacetechnologyforTU>?E1fX&andSGML.&Contact:KenDre٠yhaupt(kend@springer-ny.com) WG-94-10?jTU>4xE1fXandLinguistics.&Themaingoalistostudyanddiscusstherequirements&fortypesettinglinguisticsinTU>?E1fXandasameansofiden-&tifying,xe٠xamining,testing,andcomparingmacros,xfonts,&style lesandotheraidsfortypesettinglinguistics.&Contact:9KChristinaThiele(cthiele@ccs.&carleton.ca)" C&DocumentationandHelp΍ 17%BooksonTEXanditsrȹelations%4 WhilenKnuth's8sbookisthede nitiv٠ereferenceforTU>?E1fX,rthereare otherbooksco٠veringTU>?E1fX:ύ TheTU>4xE1fXbookFrby,DonaldKnuth(Addison-W37esle٠yY,.1984,ISBN+0-&201-13447-0,paperbackISBNv0-201-13448-9) ABeginner'sBookofTU>4xE1fXy[ֹbyoRaymondSeroulandSilvioLevyY,&(SpringerVerlag,1992,ISBNv0-387-97562-4) IntroductiontoTU>4xE1fX`+-by =NorbertSchwgarz(Addison-W37esle٠yY,&1989,ISBNv0-201-51141-X) APlainTU>4xE1fXPrimerar׹by%MalcolmClark(OxfordUniv٠ersity&Press,q1993,ISBNsn 0-198-53724-7(hardback)and0-198-&53784-0(paperback)) TU>4xE1fXbyTopicF#byVfgictorEijkhout(Addison-W37esle٠yY, ]1992,&ISBN=l0-201-56882-9) TU>4xE1fXfortheBeginnere}byUWE ynterSnow(Addison-W37esle٠yY,1992,&ISBN=l0-201-54799-6) TU>4xE1fXfortheImpatientgbybP٠aulW.Abrahams,~KarlBerryand&KathrynA.Hargreav٠es(Addison-W37esleyY,?1990,ISBNµ0-&201-51375-7)46|nBo]ɍTU>4xE1fXinPr٠actice$_SbyStephanvonBechtolsheim(SpringerVer- lag,1993,4 volumes,ISBN3-540-97296-Xfortheset,orVol.1:)0-387-97595-0,Vol.2:)0-387-97596-9,Vol.3:)0-387-97597-7,andVol.4:0-387-97598-5);TU>4xE1fX:StartingfromLԉff  , ,ffٖ1 , ,ffffff ^5G byMichaelDoob(SpringerVerlag,1993,ISBNv3-540-56441-1)TheAdvancedTU>4xE1fXbookDbyxDavidSalomon(SpringerVerlag,1995,ISBNv0-387-94556-3)ЍF٠orLffA;TU>?E1fX,see:L[:Kj ptmri7tAHTU>4xE1fX,aDocumentPrGepar٠ationSystem۱by~LeslieLamport(sec- ond)edition,;-AddisonW37esle٠yY,1994,ISBN囹0-201-15790-X)AguidetoL[AHTU>4xE1fX2"2d^HelmutKgopkaandP٠atrickW.Daly(secondedition,Addison-W37esle٠yY,1995,ISBNv0-201-42777-X)TheL[AHTU>4xE1fXCompanion=byOMichelGoossens,vFrankMittelbach,and:Ale٠xanderSamarin(Addison-W37esleyY,i1993,ISBN$0-201-54199-8)L[AHTU>4xE1fXNotes:Pr٠actical6Ts8ipsforPrGeparingTechnicalDocumentsbyJ.KennethShultis(PrenticeHall,1994,ISBN20-131-20973-6)L[AHTU>4xE1fXLinebyLine/dbyXAntoniDiller(JohnWile٠y&Sons,1993,ISBNx0-471-93471-2)L[AHTU>4xE1fXforScientistsandEngineergsnbyDavidJ.Buerger(McGra٠w-Hill,1990,ISBNv0-070-08845-4)MathintoTU>4xE1fX:"A]/Simpli ed]hIntroductionusingAU>4xM S-L[AHTU>4xE1fXbyGeorgetGr3atzer(Birkh3auser,1993,ISBNٹ0-817-63637-4,or,inGerman٠yY,ISBNv3-764-33637-4)MathintoL[AHTU>4xE1fX:(kAn9IntroductiontoL[AHTU>4xE1fXandAU>4xM S-L[ATU>4xE1fXbyGeorgeGr3atzer(Birkh3auser,1996,ISBNv0-817-63805-9)ЍOf(thelist,A1Lamport's8s,Goossens,Mittelbach(andSamarin's,KgopkaandDaly's8s,gandGr3atzer's\MathintoL[AHTU>4xE1fXp"co٠verLffA;TU>?E1fX2"@.JpADsampleHofthelast,ZinAdobeAcrobatformat,isalsoavailable(info/mil/mil.pdf). ThelistforMETAF9ONTisrathershort:The;o> logosl10METAF9ONTbook?EbyDonaldKnuth(AddisonW37esle٠yY,1986,ISBNv0-201-13445-4)Aqbookr co٠veringawiderangeoftopics(includinginstallationandmaintenance)is:MakingTU>4xE1fXWork.' byNormanW37alsh(O'ReillyandAssociates,Inc,1994,ISBNv1-56592-051-1)Thislistonlyco٠versbooksinEnglish:UKTUGcannothopetomaintainalistofbooksinlanguagesotherthanourown.4*8}s\ 18%Wherȹeto ndthisarticleԚ Bodenheimer's8sarticle,fromwhichthepresentonewgasde- v٠eloped,Pisposted(nominallymonthly)tonewsgroupcomp. text.texiUandcross-postedtonewsgroupsnews.answers and1comp.answers.z,ThemostrecentlypostedcopgyofBo- denheimer's8sharticleiskgeptonCT)ANinhelp/TeX-FAQ;itis alsoarchiv٠edatanysitethatarchivesnews.answers,1such asrtfm.mit.edu(18.181.0.24), `andthearticleisavail- ablePthereviaanon٠ymousftp(inthedirectorypub/usenet/ news.answers/tex-faq).ÔIfyouhav٠eaccesstoemail,but nottoftp,usetheftpmailserv٠er(see32).Aev٠ersionofthepresentarticlemaybebrowsedviathe W37orld-Wide8Web,)EatURLhttp://www.cogs.susx.ac. uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?introduction=yes^6+T 19%MailinglistsaboutTEXanditsfriends There;are(still)peoplewhocanusenetwgorksbutcan'tread Usenetnews;forthem,Cnotallislostifthe٠ycansendandre- ceiv٠eemail.TheTU>?E1fXhaxdigestisoperatedasamailinglist.( Sendames- sage`subscribetexhax'totexhax-request@tex. ac.uktojoinit.The mailinglistinfo-texo ersamailanalogueofthe UsenetgBgroupcomp.text.tex;mailtothelistusautomati- callysubmittedtothenewsgroup,tandthusanswerstoquestions maybegiv٠enbypeoplewhoonlyreadthenewsgroup.vSubscribe tothelistbysendingamessage`subscribeinfo-tex 'tolistserv@shsu.eduThe(ratherhighvolumeof)postingstocomp.text. texڹmaybehadindigestedformthroughthemail- inglistctt-digest. ޒSubscribetothelistbysending aKmessage`subscribectt-Digest'Kto listserv@shsu.eduAnnouncementsofTU>?E1fX-relatedinstallationsontheCT)AN archiv٠es3aresenttothemailinglistctan-ann.+Subscribetothe list;bysendingamessage`subscribectan-ann'tolistserv@urz.Uni-Heidelberg.deIssuesعrelatedtoMETAF9ONT(and,nincreasinglyY,META- PqOST) are@discussedonthemetafontmailinglist;5subscribe bysendingamessage`subscribemetafont'tolistserv@ens.frSev٠eralotherTU>?E1fX-relatedlistsmaybeaccessedvia listserv@urz.uni-heidelberg.de.Sendamessage containingtheline`help'tothisaddress.The.literateprogrammingnewsgroup(seequestion46) comp.programming.literate prisg7atewgayedtothe litprog;mailinglist; gWsubscribebysendingamessage `subscribelitprog',Utolistserv@ shsu.edu.ff΃ 荍 h-:5fhThat'`s`StartingfromSquareOne' 鍍 h-:6fhThisisatemporaryURL;a nalhomeforthedocumentistobeproMvidedinduecourse47иnBo][o]20?E1fX,:a@programoriginallydesignedtoproducebibliogra- phiesOinconjunctionwithLffA;TU>?E1fX,'"ise٠xplainedinSection4.3andAppendixB7ofLeslieLamport's8sLffA;TU>?E1fXmanual(seeques-tion17). Thedocument\Bib32TU>?E1fXing",2containedinthe lebtxdoc.tex,!giv٠esŴamorecompletedescription.TheL[AHTU>4xE1fXCompanion,(seequestion17)alsohasinformationonBib32TU>?E1fXandwritingBib32TU>?E1fXstyle les. f؍TheGdocument\DesigningBib32TU>?E1fXStyles",Wcontainedinthe lebtxhak.tex,l~e٠xplainsthepost xstack-basedlan-guageAusedtowriteBib32TU>?E1fXstyles(.bst les). ^The lebtxbst.docDisthetemplateforthefourstandardstyles(plain,ըabbrv,alpha,unsrt).,Itćalsocontainstheirdocu-mentation.3qThecompleteBib32TU>?E1fXdocumentationset(includingthe lesabo٠ve)isinbiblio/bibtex/distribs/docThereEisaUnixBib32TU>?E1fXmanpageintheweb2cpackage(seequestionq36).An٠ycopgyyoumay ndofamanpagewrittenin1985<(before\Bib32TU>?E1fXing"and\DesigningBibTU>?E1fXStyles"ap-peared)isobsolete,andshouldbethrowna٠wgayY.՟21TheP`ISCTEXmanualdPП?IaJCfTU>?E1fXisasetofmacrosfordra٠wingdiagramsandpictures.The/macrosarefreelyavailableingraphics/pictex;Fhow-ev٠er,thePП?IaJCfTU>?E1fXmanualitselfisnotfree.}Itisavailablefor$30($35`>withthedisk)fromtheTU>?E1fXUsersGroup(seequestion14).TheproceedsfromthesalesgotoMichaelWichura,?theauthorofPП?IaJCfTU>?E1fX,andtoTUG.22Finding(Lq,AV)TEXmacrȹopackagesdBeforeyouaskforaTU>?E1fXmacroorLffA;TU>?EXclassorpack-age letodosomething,trysearchingGrahamWilliams'(Graham.Williams@dit.csiro.au)catalogue,wavailableas help/Catalogue/catalogue.html;/thislistsman٠ymacropackagestogetherwithbriefdescriptiv٠etexts. f؍Having{learntofa lethatseemsinteresting,:ksearchaCT)ANڴarchiv٠eforit(seequestion23). )ForpackageslistedinhTheL[AHTU>4xE1fXCompanion(seequestion17),the leinfo/companion.ctan޹maybeconsultedasanalternativ٠etosearchingthearchiv٠e's8sindex.r~Itliststhecurrentlocationinthearchiv٠eofsuch les.Analternativ٠eprocedureistousehttp://www.ora.com/homepages/CTAN-Web/,Hwhich permitslimited`kge٠y-wgord'searchingfor lesontheCT)ANsites.՟23Finding lesintheCTANarȹchiIvesdT37o ndsoftwgareataCT)ANsite,]youcanuseanon٠ymousftpÐtothehostwiththecommand`quotesiteindex',mor )thesearchingscriptathttp://www.dante.de/cgi-bin/ctan-indexT37ogetthebestuseoutoftheftpfgacilityyoushouldremem-ber8thatisaRegularExprGessionandnota x٠edstring,andaalsothatman٠y lesaredistributedinsourceformwithane٠xtensionIdi erenttothe nal le.|(ForexampleLffA;TU>?E1fXpackages4X] are.Toftendistributedsourceswithe٠xtensiondtxratherthanas package leswithe٠xtensionsty.) DpOneshouldmakgethere٠gularexpresiongeneralenoughto ndthe leyouarelookingfor,butnottoogeneral,astheftp interfgacewillonlyreturnthe rst20linesthatmatchyourre- quest.Theifollowinge٠xamplesillustratethesepoints.@T37osearchfor theLffA;TU>?E1fXpackage`caption',youmightusethecommand:quotesiteindexcaption.styQ but=kitwillfgailto ndthedesiredpackage(whichisdistributed as"caption.dtx)anddoesreturnunwganted`hits'(suchas hangcaption.sty).~Also,_althoughMthise٠xampledoesnot showitthe`.'in`caption.sty'isusedasthere٠gularex- pressionthatmatchesanycharacters8.Soquotesiteindexdoc.styQ matchesDsuchunwganted lesaslanguage/swedish/ slatex/doc2sty/makefile DpOf"courseifyouknowthepackageisstoredas.dtxyoucan search6jforthatname,E"butingeneralyoumaynotknowthee٠xten- sionFusedonthearchiv٠e.UjThesolutionistoadd`/'tothefront of thepackagenameand`\\.totheend.Thiswillthensearch for}a lenamethatconsistssolelyofthepackagenamebetween thedirectoryseparatorandthee٠xtension.Thetwgocommands:quotesiteindex/caption\\.quotesiteindex/doc\\.Q do)narrowthesearchdownsucientlyY.(Inthecaseofdoc,:afew e٠xtra lesarefound,butthelistreturnedissucientlysmallto beeasilyinspected.) DpIfthesearchstringistoowideandtooman٠y leswgould match,/thelistwillbetruncatedtothe rst20itemsfound.,Using someNknowledgeoftheCT)ANdirectorytreeyoucanusuallynar- row?E1fX's8smainoutput le,6usingTU>?EXinitsbroadestsensetoin-cludeALffA;TU>?E1fX,/getc.`DVI'issupposedtobeanacron٠ymforDeVice-Independent,meaninguthatthe lecanbeprintedonalmostan٠ykindAoftypographicoutputdevice.TheDVI leisdesignedtobereadbyadriv٠er(seequestion25)toproducefurtheroutputde-signedqspeci callyforaparticularprinter(e.g.,MaLaserJet)ortobeMiusedasinputtoapreviewerMifordisplayonacomputerscreen.DVI lesuseTU>?E1fX's8sinternalcoding;aTU>?EXinput leshouldpro-ducethesameDVI lere٠g7ardlessofwhichimplementationofTU>?E1fXisusedtoproduceit.A, DVI,z lecontainsalltheinformationthatisneededforprintingorpreviewinge٠xceptfortheactualbitmapsoroutlinesoffonts,Randpossiblymaterialtobeintroducedbymeansof\specialcommands(seequestion29).ThencanonicalreferenceforthestructureofaDVI leisthesourceofdvitype(systems/knuth/texware/dvitype.web).h25WhatisadriIver?A]driv٠er^isaprogramthattakgesasinputadvi le(seeques-tion=24)and(usually)producesa lethatcanbesenttoatypo-graphicoutputdevice,calledaprinterforshort.Ajdriv٠erwillusuallybespeci ctoaparticularprinter,cal-thoughYan٠yPostScriptprinteroughttobeabletoprinttheoutputfromaPostScriptdriv٠ers8.AswellastheDVI le, Xthedriv٠erneedsfontinformation.F٠ontŜinformationmaybeheldasbitmapsorasoutlines,orsim-plyasasetofpointersintothefontsthattheprinteritself`has'.Each`driv٠erwillexpectthefontinformationinaparticularform.F٠or=moreinformationontheformsoffonts,mwseequestions{26,27,28and57.h26WhatarȹePK les?PK=Թ les(packgedraster)containfontbitmaps.STheoutputfromMETAF9ONT(see#question54)includesagenericfont(GF) le4?ТY/^ andltheutilitygftopkproducesthePK lefromthat.VTherearea lot9ofPK les,asoneisneededforeachfont,thatiseachmag- ni cation=(size)ofeachdesign(point)sizeforeachweightfor eachfgamilyY.aCFurther,sincethePK lesforoneprinterdonot necessarilyqwgorkwellforanother,thewholesetneedstobedu- plicatedRforeachprintertypeatasite.Asaresult,gthe٠yareoften heldinanelaboratedirectorystructure,orin`fontlibrary les', tore٠gulariseaccess. 27%WhatarȹeTFM les?Ao TFM=standsforTU>E1fXfontmetrics,JuandTFM lesholdinformation about.thesizesofthecharactersofthefontinquestion,andabout lig7aturesMandkgernswithinthatfont.%~OneTFM leisneededfor eachfontusedbyTU>E1fX,thatisforeachdesign(point)sizefor eachweightforeachfgamily;oneTFM leserv٠esforallmagni- cations,sothatthereare(typically)fewerTFM lesthanthere areGPK les.pTheimportantpointisthatTFM lesareusedby TU>E1fXu(LffA;TU>EX,Detc.),butarenot,generallyY,neededbytheprinter driv٠ers8. 28%VVirtualf3ontsAo VfgirtualƌfontsforTU>E1fXwere rstimplementedbyDavidFuchsin the>earlydaysofTU>E1fX,=Mbutformostpeoplethe٠ystartedwhen Knuth=rede nedtheformat,Jandwrotesomesupportsoftwgare,in 1989.7Vfgirtualfontspro٠videawgayoftellingTU>E1fXaboutsomething more-complicatedthanjustaone-to-onecharactermapping.The entitiesQyoude neinavirtualfontlooklikgecharacterstoTU>E1fX (the٠ykoappearwiththeirsizesinafontmetric le),JbuttheDVI processorwmaye٠xpandthemtosomethingquitedi erent. Ygou can&usethisfgacilityjusttoremapcharacters,otomakeacompos- ite,8fontwithglyphsdra٠wnfromseveralsources,WFortobuildup anbe ectinarbitrarilycomplicatedwgays|avirtualfontmay containKan٠ythingwhichisleg7alinaDVI le.yInpractice,the mostfcommonuseofvirtualfontsistoremapPostScriptfonts (seequestion59)ortobuild`fgake'mathsfonts. D!It#isimportanttorealisethatTU>E1fXitselfdoesnotR seevirtual fonts;forxev٠eryvirtualfontreadbytheDVIdriv٠erthereisa correspondingTFM lereadbyTU>E1fX.Vfgirtualfontsarenormally createdinasingleASCIIvpl(VfgirtualPropertyList) le,vwhich includes8bothsetsofinformation.V?Thevptogvfprogramisthen used\tothecreatethebinaryTFMandVF les.Thecommon- estMwgay(nowadays)ofgeneratingvpl lesistousethefontinst package,{whichHisdescribedindetailinquestion59.tEfonts/ utilities/qdtexvplۤisanotherutilityforcreatingad-hoc virtualfonts. 29%\specialcommandsAo TU>E1fXgPpro٠videsthemeanstoexpressthingsthatdevicedriv٠erscan do,Fbut8aboutwhichTU>E1fXitselfknowsnothing.F٠orexample,FTU>E1fX itself:knowsnothingabouthowtoincludePostScript guresinto documents,)orhowtosetthecolourofprintedte٠xt;9butsome devicedriv٠ersdo. D!Suchthingsareintroducedtoyourdocumentbymeansof \specialcommands;allthatTU>E1fXdoeswiththesecommands49  nBo][o]istoe٠xpandtheirargumentsandthenpassthecommandtothe DVI္ le.>Inmostcases,therearemacropackagespro٠vided(of-tenwiththedriv٠er)thatprovideacomprehensibleinterfgacetothe\special;_forOe٠xample,YCthere's8slittlepointincludinga gureifyouleav٠enog7apforitinyourtext,Aandchangingcolourprovesto8beaparticularlyfraughtoperationthatrequiresrealwizardryY.LffA;TU>?E1fX2"hasstandardgraphicsandcolourpackagesthatmakge leinclusion,=rotation,scalingandcolourvia\specialsalleasyY. 8The@allowgableargumentsof\specialdependonthede-vicedriv٠eryou'reusing.Apartfromtheexamplesabove, thereareLV\specialcommandsintheemTU>?E1fXdriv٠ers(e.g.,kdvihplj,dviscr,q'etc.) thatwilldra٠wlinesatarbitraryorientations,andcommandsOindvitoln03thatpermitthepagetobesetinland-scapeorientation."!030DocumentedLq,ATEXsourȹces(.dtx les)΍LffA;TU>?E1fX2"@,andman٠ysupportmacropackages,arenowwritteninaliterateprogrammingstyle(seequestion46),rwithsourceanddocumentation;inthesame le.tJThisformat,knownas`doc',wgasoriginatedbyFrankMittelbach."Thedocumentedsourcesconv٠entionallyhavethesux.dtx,?E1fX.iAlternativ٠elyyourcanrunLffA;TU>?E1fXona.dtx letoproduceanicelyformattedv٠ersionCofthedocumentedcode.Aninstallationscript(withsuf- x.ins)isusuallypro٠vided,nwhichneedsthestandardLffA;TU>?E1fX2"docstrip,package(amongotherthings,theinstallationprocessstripsallthecommentsthatmakgeupthedocumentationforspeedwhenjloadingthe leintoarunningLffA;TU>?E1fXsystem).Sev٠eralpack-ages8ccanbeincludedinone.dtx le,Fwithconditionalsections,and4therefgacilitiesforindicesofmacrosetc.a5An٠yonecanwrite.dtxUW les;ctheformatise٠xplainedinTheL[AHTU>4xE1fXCompanion(seequestion'`17).Therearenoprogramsyettoassistincomposition..dtx@ lesarenotusedbyLffA;TU>?E1fXafterthe٠yhavebeenpro-cessedftoproduce.styor.cls(orwhatev٠er) les.)Theyneednot"bekgeptwiththeworkingsystem;tBhowev٠er,Kfor"manypack-agesethe.dtx leistheprimarysourceofdocumentation,|soyoumaywganttokeep.dtx leselsewhere."!031WhatarȹetheDCf3onts?΍A font #consistsofanumberofglyphs.Inorderthattheglyphsmaybeprinted,Ytherehastobesomewgayofaccessingthem;inTU>?E1fX@the٠y'rearrangedinanumericalordercalledanencoding,and0theirnumberintheencodingisused., F٠orvariousreasons,Knuth+choserathereccentricencodings;inparticular,Vhechosedi erentencodingsfordi erentfonts.When-TU>?E1fXv٠ersion3arrived,someatleastofthereasonsforthe#`eccentricityofKnuth's8sencodingswenta٠wgayY,L8andatTUG'sCorkmeeting,& anencodingforasetof256glyphs,foruseinTU>?E1fXte٠xt,wgas*de ned.Theintentionwasthattheseglyphsshouldco٠verT`most'Europeanlanguages,inthesenseofincludingallaccentedtlettersneeded.(Knuth's8sCMRfontsmissedthingsnec-essaryforIcelandic,zPolishandSami,fore٠xample,buttheCorkfontshav٠ethem.)yyLffA;TU>?E1fX2"(Yr(seequestion107)referstotheCork4?ТY/^ encoding@asT1,Oandpro٠videsthemeanstousefontsthusen- codedȪtoavoidȪproblemswiththeinteractionofaccentsandh7y- phenation(seequestion89). 1GThe6onlyMETAF9ONT-fontsthatconformtotheCorkencod- ing:aretheDCfonts(availableasfonts/dc;Wensureyouhav٠e v٠ersion1.2,epatchlevel1,ereleasedinDecember1995,orlater). The٠ylookCM-likge,ۘandshouldbereg7ardedasaninterimver- sionvofah7ypotheticalsetofECfonts(which,itishoped,will beavailablesometimein1996).\Theirseriousdisadvantagefor thencasualuseristhatthe٠yarelarge|eachDCfontisroughly twice#ythesizeofthecorrespondingCMfont;u5what's8smoreuntil correspondingffontsformathematicsareproduced,ktheCMfonts mustberetained.TherCorkencodingisalsoimplementedbythePSNFSSsys- tem(seequestion57),forPostScriptfonts." E%&AcquiringtheSoftware8 32%RepositoriesofTEXmaterial T37oqaidthearchivingandretrievalofofTU>?E1fX-related les,aTUG wgorkinggroupdev٠elopedtheComprehensiv٠eTU>?E1fXArchiv٠eNet- wgork(CT)AN).EachCTANsitehasidenticalmaterial,andmain- tainsdauthoritativ٠eversionsofitsmaterial.Thesecollectionsare e٠xtensive;\SinJ|particular,U0almostev٠erythingmentionedinthisarti- clevisarchiv٠edattheCT)ANsites,xev٠enifitslocationisn'texplic- itlystated.The1WCT)ANsitesarecurrentlyftp.dante.de(129.206. 100.192)syandftp.tex.ac.uk(128.232.1.87).The org7anisationLofTU>?E1fX lesonthesesitesisidenticalandstarts attex-archive/.]T37oreducenetwgorkload,Gpleaseusethe CT)AN7siteormirrorclosesttoyou.A;A7pcompleteandcurrent list#ofCT)ANsitesandknownmirrorscanbeobtainedbyusing the nggerutilityon`user'ctan@ftp.tex.ac.ukorctan@ ftp.dante.de;itisalsoavailableas leCTAN.sitesT37o ndsoftwgareataCT)ANsite,useanon٠ymousftptothe host,r andnthene٠xecutenthecommand`quotesiteindex '(seequestion23fordetails).The3emailserv٠erftpmail@ftp.dante.deprovidesan ftp-likgeRinterfacethroughmail. uSendamessagecontainingjust theline`help'toyournearestserv٠erfordetailsofuse.UsersQqonBITNETmayaccessanon٠ymousftpforsome les indirectlyFbysendingmailtoBITFTP@PUCC.BITNET.Send admessagecontainingtheline`help'tothisaddressformore information.ThereRisalsotheDECUSTU>?E1fXcollectionofmaterialforVMS, Unix,"gMS-DOS,andκtheMacintosh.Itisavailableviaanon٠y- mousXftpfromwuarchive.wustl.edu(128.252.135.4)in decus/tex/.ItMcanalsobeobtainedfromtheDECUSLibrary (referencenumberVS0058)intheUS,orthroughyourDECUS oceSoutsideoftheUS.T37ocontacttheDECUSLibraryY,$gsend mailortelephone:Ս&DECUS&LIBRARYYORDERPROCESSING&334SouthStreet,SHR3-1/T25&ShrewsburyY,MA01545-4195410 &nBo][o]USATLel:800-DECUS55bC(withintheUSA,forinforma- tion)F٠ax:(+1)508-841-3373(forinquiries)PፑorsendelectronicmailforinformationtotheDECUSTU>?E1fXCol-lectionEditor,TLedNieland(nieland@ted.hcst.com). pKFinallyY,ofcourse,theTU>?E1fXuserwhohasnoaccesstoan٠ysort?ofnetwgorkmaybuyacopyofthearchiv٠eonCD-ROM(seequestion35). 33Contrib“utinga letothearȹchiIvesYUseyanon٠ymousftptoanyCT)ANarchive(seequestion32)andretriev٠ethe leREADME.uploadsintherootdirectoryY.Itcon-tains|instructionsforuploading lesandnotifyingtheappropri-atepeopleforthatsite.Ifyoucannotuseftp,wmailyourcontributiontoctan@urz.Uni-Heidelberg.deTanditwillbepassedalong.)Ygouwillmakgeev٠eryone's8slifeeasierifyouchooseadescriptiv٠eanduniqueAbnameforyoursubmission,Msoit's8sprobablyagoodideatocheckthatyourstyle le's8snameisnotalreadyinusebymeansofthe`siteindex'command(seequestion23). 34Findingnewf3ontsYA/comprehensiv٠ePlistofMETAF9ONTfontsispostedtocomp.fontsandtocomp.text.tex,lroughlyev٠erysixweeks,byLeeQuin(lee@sq.sq.com);itisavailableasinfo/metafont-listTheFlistcontainsdetailsbothofcommercialfontsandoffontsavailableviaanon٠ymousftp.gMostofthefontsareavail-able7aviaanon٠ymousftpfromtheCT)ANarchives(seeques-tion32). 35TEXCD-R7OMsYIfGyoudon'thav٠eaccesstotheInternet,ydyoucangettheCT)ANcollections?onaCD-ROM.Y{Ev٠enthosewhodowill nditveryconv٠enienttohavelargequantitiesofTU>?E1fX-related lestohand.PrimeTgimeFreewgareproducedTU>4xE1fXceter٠a1.1inJuly1994,which[PisasnapshotofCT)ANtakgeninJune1994.Re٠gularup-datesareplanned.!ThematerialisallcompressedinZIPformattoh titallononeCD,-andtoavoidhthelimitationsoftheISO9660 lesystemdirectoryY.YgoucanbuytheCDfrom:PፑPrimeTgimeFreewgare370AltairW37ayY,Suite150Sunn٠yvaleCA94086USATLel:(+1)4084339662F٠ax:(+1)4084330727Email:ptf@cfcl.comorfromman٠yCD-ROMresellers,܄ortheTUGoce(seeques-tion14).GPricewillbearound$60.PleasenotethatPTFisnotabig&Kcommercial rm,8?E1fXcommunityY.4?ТY/^W37alnutkCreekCDROMalsopro٠videatwgo-discCD-ROM set,holding9j1000MbofTU>E1fX-relatedinformation. EInforma- tionabouttheCD-ROMisavailableathttp://www.cdrom. com/titles/tex.html,@Iwhichalsohasalinktoanorder- ingpage.W37alnutCreek's8saddress,etc.,are:&W37alnutCreekCDROM&4041PikgeLane,SteD-www&Concord,CA94520&USA&TLel:(+1)510674-0783or9|t800786-9907(withintheUSAandCanada)&F٠ax:(+1)510674-0821&Email:info@cdrom.com(forquestions)andDorders@cdrom.com(fororders)IfC/youwgantaready-to-runTU>?E1fXsystemonCD-ROM,soneis availableNforMS-DOSonly(sofgar). BTheDutchTU>?E1fXUsersGroup (NTG)[publishthewhole4AllTU>?E1fXwgorkbenchona2-CD-ROM setpackgedwithalltheMS-DOSTU>?E1fXsoftware,macrosandfonts youYcanwgant.ˢItisavailablefromNTGdirect(seequestion15), fromyTUGfor$40andfromUKTUGfor$30(amanualisin- cluded).nItisausefulresourceforan٠yonetobrowse,notjustfor MS-DOSusers.!> F%,TyQEgyXSystemsY 36%(Lq,AV)TEXf3ordi erȹentmachines W37e1listherethefreeorsharewgarepackages;seequestion38for commercialpackages. Unix'CInstructions`forretrievingtheUnixTU>?E1fXdistribution&viaanon٠ymousftpareavailableinthedocument&systems/unix/unixtex.ftppe&AusefulosetofbinariesforvariouscommonUnixsys-&tems(istobefoundaspartoftheteTU>?E1fXdistribution&(systems/unix/teTeX/distrib/binaries);&teTU>?E1fX9willcompileonmostUnixsystems,9Gthoughitwgas&originallydev٠elopedforuseunderLinux(seebelow).ʍ AIX%NdTU>?E1fXfortheIBMRS6000runningAIXisavailablein&systems/unix/aix3.2 386/ix,BEx٠ecutables3for386/ixareavailableinsystems/&unix/386ix Linux,˹Thereareatleasttwgofairlycompleteimplementations&ofTU>?E1fXtorunonLinux. *TheSlackwgaredistribution&includesYNTU>?E1fX(availableassystems/unix/linux/&ntex),&whichUprobablycontainsmoreTU>?E1fX-relatedmate-&rialkthanyouwgouldev٠erwant.FThemorerecentteTU>?E1fX&(availableassystems/unix/teTeX)isbasedonKarl&Berry's8spath-searchingmechanisms,!andismorecompact&thanNTU>?E1fXwhilestillbeingprettycomprehensiv٠e. PC,TheVemTU>?E1fXpackageforPCsrunningOS/2,_MS-DOSorWin-&dowskincludesLffA;TU>?E1fX,Bib32TU>?EX,previewers,andkdriv٠ers,&andisavailableinsystems/msdos/emtexasase-&riesqofziparchiv٠es.ThepackagewgaswrittenbyEberhard411 FWnBo][o]Mattes,Sand=documentationisavailableinbothGerman andlkEnglish.AppropriatememorymanagersforusingemTU>?E1fXZfwith386(andbetter)processorsandunderWin-dows,areincludedinthedistribution.荑ADsecondEpackage,^gTU>?E1fX,runsunderMS-DOSorWin-dowsG(anditsusersspeakwellofit).mItisavailablefromsystems/msdos/gtexTUG(andsomeoftheotherusergroups)o erallfreely-available!TU>?E1fXsoftwgareforthePC.@A!catalogueisavailablefreefromTUG(seequestion14).ЍPC:Win327MikTU>?E1fX,ϧbyChristianSchenk, rstarriv٠edonCTANtin1996.}QIthasbeenwelcomedbythosethathav٠eusedditandreportedtheire٠xperiences.Itwillrunun-der]Windows'95orWindows/NTB,andisavailablefromsystems/win32/miktexMac@OzTU>?E1fXEisasharewgarev٠ersionofTU>?EXfortheMacintosh.$ADVIpreviewerandPostScriptdriv٠erarealsoincluded.̱Itshould7runonan٠yMacintoshPlus,ESE,II,ornewermodel,butOYwillnotwgorkona128KO$or512KMac.Itwgaswrit-tenbyAndrewTgrevorrowY,xandisavailableinsystems/mac/oztex,6orXon oppgydisksfromTUG(seeques-tionD14).UKTUGprepaysthesharewgarefee,Pgsothatmem-bersofUKTUGmayacquirethesoftwgarewithoutfur-ther5payment.6QuestionsaboutOzTU>?E1fXmaybedirectedtooztex@midway.uchicago.edu荑AnotherpartlysharewgareprogramisCMacTU>?E1fX(avail-able6)assystems/mac/cmactex),DputtogetherbyT37omKi e.~ThisismuchclosertotheUnixTU>?E1fXsetup(itusesdvips,forinstance).VMSsTU>?E1fX>forVMSisavailableassystems/vms/Alpha/tex_axp_exe.zip(forAlpha-basedmachines)orsystems/vms/VAX/tex_vax_exe.zipB8(forVAXmachines).ʉStandardetapedistributionisthroughDECUS(seequestion32).AtariTU>?E1fXisavailablefortheAtariSTinsystems/atari荑Ifanon٠ymousftpisnotavailabletoyou,'sendames-sagecontainingtheline`help'toatari@atari.archive.umich.eduAmigaToFull+implementationsofTU>?E1fX3.1(P٠asTU>?EX)andMETA-F9ONT2.7areavailableinsystems/amiga荑YgoucanalsoorderaCD-ROMcontainingthisandotherAmig7a#softwgarefromW37alnutCreekCDROM,\ktelephone(+1)510-947-5997.T֋OPS-20 TU>?E1fX.wgasoriginallywrittenonaDEC-10underWAITS,andgsowgaseasilyportedtoT֋OPS-20. Adistributionthat|runsonT֋OPS-20isavailableviaanon٠ymousftpfromZftp.math.utah.edu(128.110.198.34)inpub/tex/pub/web4*8YE% 37%TEX-friendlyeditorsandshells There6aregoodTU>?E1fX-writingenvironmentsandeditorsformost operating%systems;U7somearedescribedbelowY,1butthisisonlya personalselection:\ Unix'CTgryGNUemacs,andtheALUCTU>?E1fXmode(support/&auctex). AThispro٠videsmenuitemsandcontrolse-&quencesgforcommonconstructs,checkssyntax,laysout&markup nicelyY,H#letsyoucallTU>?E1fXanddriv٠ersfromwithin&theʣeditor,Landev٠erythingelselikgethisthatyoucanthink&of.Comple٠x,butverypowerful. VMS&gAn-lseditmodeforeditingTU>?E1fXsourceisavailablefrom&TUG(seequestion14)asTU>?E1fXniques1,#VAXLanguage-&Sensitiv٠eEditor,byKentMacPherson(1985). MS-DOS5Therearesev٠eralchoices:2?E1fXworkbench(systems/?E1fX-relatedsoftwgareinafriendlywayY.Ygoucan?E1fXusergroups.2?E1fXshell3(systems/msdos/texshell)isa?E1fXG?(systems/msdos/e4t;*alsoshare-?E1fXeditorwhichfea-?E1fXpro-?E1fXunderMS-DOS. Windogws:¹YgourpPbestpublicdomainbetisprobablytouseMi- &croEmacs[sasaneditorandcontrolcentreforTU>?E1fXpro-&grams.The +gTU>?E1fXpackage(systems/msdos/gtex)&comesEwithMicroEmacsreadytogo,Qhinte٠gratedwithTU>?E1fX,&previewer,dvipsandGhostScript.׍&TU>?E1fXtelmExtel =(systems/msdos/emtex-contrib/&TeXtelmExtel)4isaShellforemTU>?E1fXorWTU>?EXandre-&latedtoolsunderWindows.Itincludesasimplemultiple-&documenteditor,2abuilt-inspellingcheckger,2automatic&OEM/ANSIùcharacterconv٠ersion,user-de nablepoint-&and-click?QTLemplates,o$supportfortheforwgardandinv٠erse&searchcmechanismofDVIdriv٠erforWindowsandforau-&tomaticfontgeneration.)Besidestheprede nedtools,:up&to10user-de nedtoolscanbesetup.&OnaPCwithlargeenoughmemoryY,av٠ersionof&GNUqemacs,dMthatwillrununderWindows,isavailable;&thusyoucanalsouseALUCTU>?E1fXunderWindows.&Y&Y's8sb5commercial(andhigh-quality)Windowspre-&viewer,{dviwindo,canIYbeusedasagoodTU>?E1fXshell,{call-&ingZprogramssuchasTU>?E1fX,b[driv٠ers,andZeditors(Y&YZsup-&ply4thepublicdomainPE,Candrecommendthecommercial412 `YnBo][o]Epsilon)fromcustomisablemenus(seequestion38forde- tailsofY&Y).]4Scienti cWAW37ordisawysiwygeditingprogram,_gstrongonmaths,_whichusesLffA;TU>?E1fXforoutput(seequestion38forcontactaddress).hOS/2Eddi4TU>?E1fXwgorksunderOS/2;lookalsoatsystems/os2/epmtexforaspeci cOS/2shell.Macintosh߹The commercialTLe٠xturesprovidesanexcellentinte٠grated2Macintoshenvironmentwithitsowneditors8.More, powerfulstill(asaneditor)isthesharewgareAlpha(systems/mac/support/alpha)+Cwhichise٠xtensi-blexwenoughtoletyouperformalmostan٠yTU>?E1fX-relatedjob.ItwgorkswellwithOzTU>?E1fX. ΍Atari,Amig7aandNeXTusersalsohav٠eniceenvironments.LffA;TU>?E1fXuserswholikgemakeshouldtrysupport/latexmk There {isanothersetofshellprogramstohelpyoumanipulateBib32TU>?E1fXdatabases. `I38CommerȹcialTEXimplementations Thereareman٠ycommercialimplementationsofTU>?E1fX.FThe rstappeared|notlongafterTU>?E1fXitselfappeared.B Ofthev٠endors,Ar-borTLe٠xt\(formerlyTe٠xtset)andPersonalTU>?E1fXarethosewhohavesurviv٠edlongest(sincethemidorearly80s).Whathfollowsisprobablyanincompletelist.ԑNaturallyY,=nowgarrantyOor tnessforpurposeisimpliedbytheinclusionofan٠yv٠endoroAinthislist.Thesourceoftheinformationisgiventopro-videsomecluestoitscurrenc٠yY.Ingeneral,!acommercialimplementationwillcome`com-plete',9thatis,withsuitablepreviewersandprinterdriv٠ers.BTheynormallyalsohav٠eextensivedocumentation(i.e.,LnotjusttheTU>?E1fXbook!)andsomesortofsupportservice.InsomecasesthisisEXatollfreenumber(probablyapplicableonlywithintheUSAand(orCanada),butothersalsohav٠eemail,andnormaltelephoneandfgaxsupport. ΍Unix;TU>NEXUSiliconHGraphicsIris/Indigo,{Solaris2.1,IBMRS/6000, DEC/RISC-Ultrix,HP9000. P\CompletepTU>?E1fXpackages.Ready&touse,,fullydocumentedandsupported.L"gArborTLe٠xtInc1000VfgictorsW37aySuite400AnnArborMI48108USATLel:(+1)313-996-3566F٠ax:(+1)313-996-3573hSource:TUGboat15(1)(1994)VAX/VMS;ConvgergentTU>NEX[kLComplete}systemforVAX/VMS machines-(av٠ersionforAlphasisinpreparation);I6includesLffA;TU>?E1fX,F multinational7typesettingsupport,METAF9ONT7{andW37eb.4*8YE%NEXJٹRuns\onWindows3.1,WindowNT\0andWin- &dows95.NEX6r2\BitmapfreeTU>?E1fXforWindows.L"NEX.zLong-established:nowhasaWindowsimplementation.?E1fXInc<12MadronaStreetNEX=Also\Bitmap-free".NEX#GMicroTU>?E1fXandTU>?EXtools.MicroPrograms,Inc. 251JacksonABv٠e.Syosset,NY11791USATLel:(+1)516-921-1351Email:sales@microprograms.comRSource:AMSlisting,No٠vember1994PC;Scienti cW@ord:wVScienti cRW37ordandScienti cWorkplace o erKamechanismfornear-wysiwyginputofLffA;TU>?E1fXdoc-uments;;the٠y#shipwithTgrueTU>?E1fXfromKinch(seeabove).QuerieswithintheUKshouldbeaddressedtoScienti cW37ordspLtd.,uothersshouldbeaddresseddirectlytothepub-lisher,TCI.RDrChristopherMabbScienti cW37ordLtd.98PontAdamRuabonWre٠xhamClgwyd,LL146EFUKTLel:0345660340(withintheUK)TLel:+441978824684F٠ax:01978823066(withintheUK)Email:christopher@sciword.demon.co.uktTCISoftwgareResearchInc.1190F٠osterRoadLasCrucesNM88001{3739USATLel:(+1)505-522-4600F٠ax:(+1)505-522-0116Email:info@tcisoft.comW37eb: http://www.tcisoft.com/tcisoft.htmltSource:MailfromChristopherMabb,No٠vember1995RMacintosh;Textures>ƹ\37A TU>?E1fXsystem`fortherestofus'";*alsogiv٠esawgayaMETAF9ONTimplementationandsomefontmanipulationtools.BlueSk٠yResearch534SWThirdABv٠enuePortland,OR97204USATLel:800-622-8398(withintheUSA)TLel:(+1)503-222-9571F٠ax:(+1)503-222-1643Email:sales@bluesky.comW37eb:http://www.bluesky.com/Source:TUGboat15(1)(1994)4*8YE% AmigaTU>NEX@Afull implementationfortheCommodoreAmig7a, &includingfull,Fon-screenandprintingsupportforall&PostScriptgraphicsandfonts,IFFrastergraphics,auto-&maticRfontgeneration, gandallofthestandardmacrosand&utilities.#9?E1fX2"1$areavailableinsystems/vms/ dvips_fontsupport.zipAՔprecompiledֲv٠ersionforMS-DOSisavailablefrom systems/msdos/dviware/dvipsKarlBerry's8sv٠ersionofdvips(calleddvipsk)hasacon gure scriptandpathsearchingcodesimilartothatinhisotherpro- grams(e٠.g.,web2c);itisavailablefromdviware/dvipskAnothertgoodportableprogramisdvitopsbyJamesClark, whichisalsowritteninCkandwillcompileunderUnix,&MS-DOS, VMS,rand(Primos;;howev٠er,it(doesnotsupportvirtualfonts.It isavailablefromdviware/dvitopsMacintosh3,userscanuseeitherthee٠xcellentdriversbuiltinto OzTU>?E1fXorTLe٠xtures,oraportofdvipsintheCMacTU>?EXpackage.*h 40%DVIdriIversf3orHPLaserJet The emTU>?E1fXpackage(seequestion36)containsadriv٠erforthe LaserJet,dvihplj.Versionܿ2.10oftheBeebedriv٠erssupportstheLaserJet. TheseIdriv٠erswillcompileunderUnix,|4VMS,andIontheAtari STandDEC-20's8s,andareavailablefromdviware/beebeKarlBerry's8sdviljk,whichhasthesamepath-searchingcode as.hisdvipsk(seequestion39),ڔisavailableindviware/ dviljk414VnBo][o]41DVIprȹeviewersEmTU>?E1fX#andgTU>?EXforthePC,andOzTU>?EXfortheMacintosh, allcomewithpreviewersthatcanbeusedonthoseplatforms.There5?E1fX,andapublicdomainWindowspreviewer(dviware/dviwin).CommercialPCTU>?E1fXpackages(seequestion38)hav٠egoodMS-DOSandWindowspreviewers.Previewersavailableforotheroperatingsystemsinclude:]xdviTheNxmostwidelyusedpreviewerNxfortheXNkWindowSystem(andDhencealmostan٠yUnixormodernVMSwgorkstation);availableindviware/xdviWKarlMBerry's8sv٠ersionofxdvi,rcalledxdvik,hasfeaturesanalogoustohisdvipsk(seequestion39); vitisavailableindviware/xdvikĮdvipaggeuF٠or5SunVfgiewon(oldenough)Sunwgorkstations.:ThiswgasApublishedinvolume15ofcomp.sources.unixandisarchiv٠edindviware/dvipagextexWAnolderpreviewerfortheXWindowSystem;availableindviware/seetexdviapollo ǕF٠or ApolloDomainwgorkstations; availableindviware/dviapollodvidis㾹F٠or+(oldenough,VMS)VAXstationsrunningVWS;avail-ableindviware/dvidisdvitogvdu VforJ-TLektronix4010-compatibleandotherterminalsun-derUnixandVMS;availableasdviware/dvitovdudvi2tty85AC4DVICftoASCIIconv٠ersionprogram,t@fornormaltermi-nals;availableasdviware/dvi2ttytexsgi!.F٠orSGIkunderIrix;bothabinaryandsourceareavail-able,Sbutbesuretogetthefontsaswell.{ABvailableasdviware/texsgi!KHaSupportP$ackagesforTyQEgyXY42Fig,aTEX-friendlydrawingpackage(X)Fig߹isamenudriv٠entoolthatallowsyoutodra٠wobjectsonthe13screenofanXwgorkstation.-2tr٠ans gisasetoftoolswhichtranslatethecode gproducestoothergraphicslanguagesin-cludinguPostScriptandtheLffA;TU>?E1fXpictureenvironment.The٠yareavailableingraphics/xfigandgraphics/transfigFigwȹissupportedbyMicahBeck(beck@cs.cornell.edu)andtr٠ans gismaintainedbyBrianSmith(bvsmith@lbl.gov).:Anotherdtoolfor gconv٠ersionis g2mfwhichgenerates METAF9ONT dcodefrom ginput.Itisavailableingraphics/fig2mfK43TEXCAD,adrawingpackagef3orLq,ATEXTU>?E1fXCADisaprogramforthePCwhichenablestheusertodra٠w;diagramsonscreenusingamouseorarrowkgeys,withanon-screenmenuofavailablepicture-elements.0Itsoutputis4*8YE% codefortheLffA;TU>?E1fXpictureenvironment.fOptionallyY,itcanbe set'toincludelinesatallanglesusingtheemTU>?E1fXdriv٠er-fgamily \specialsP!(seequestion29).TU>?E1fXCADispartoftheemTU>?EX distribution. ~AxLinuxportoftheprogram,:Gsystems/unix/linux/ xtexcad-2.1.tar.z,/is }reportedalsotorunonotherUnix operatingsystems.α 44%SpellingcheckIersf3orworkwithTEX F٠or6Unix,E^ispellisprobablytheprogramofchoice.*Itisavailable insupport/ispell;bewgareofan٠yversionwithanumber 4.xNI|suchv٠ersionsrepresentadivergentversionofthesource whichlacksman٠yusefulfgacilitiesofthe3.xseries.F٠orMS-DOS,Jthereareseveralprograms. 3amspellcan beLlcalledfromwithinaneditor(availableassupport/ amspell).jspellisane٠xtendedversionofispell(availableas support/jspell).F٠or/theMacintosh,Excaliburistheprogramofchoice. It͆willruninnativ٠emodeonbothsortsofMacintosh, andisavailableassystems/mac/support/excalibur/ Excalibur-20-sea.hqxW`(thereareotherdictionariesinthe samedirectory).F٠oreVMS,aspellcheckgercanbefoundinsupport/ vmspellα 45%TheVL͟OR LTEXpackage VL͟?OR0TU>?E1fX(availableinsupport/vortex)isapackageofpro- grams̡writtenattheUniv٠ersityofCaliforniaatBerkgeleyY,and wgasZdescribedbyMichaelA.Harrisonin\Ne٠wsfromtheVL͟4xORETU>4xE1fX project."inTUGboat10(1),pp.11{14,1989.xItincludessev٠eral nicepreviewersandsomeemacsmodesforTU>?E1fXandBib32TU>?EX. TheMAVL͟?OR0TU>?E1fXM distributionisnotmaintained,andnowlooksdis- tinctlyDPlonginthetooth(itwgasnev٠erupgradedtoTU>?E1fXversion 3).VL͟?OR0TU>?E1fXneededeaseparatewgorkstationtorunTU>?EXinthe background;bImodernSmPCsforthehomecanpro٠videmoreproces- sorpower(thanwgasavailabletoVL͟?OR0TU>?E1fX)inasinglebox.8This fgact hasbeenrecognisedbyBlueSk٠yResearchintheir`Light- ningMTLe٠xtures'(whichrunsonaMacintoshinasomewhatsimi- larI0wgay)andbyTCII"SoftwareResearchin`Scienti cW37ord'(see questionX38),.andisalsothebasisofman٠yoftheotherenviron- mentsmentionedinquestion37.! I!SLiterateprogrammingi 46%WhatisLiteratePrȹogramming? Literateprogrammingisthecombinationofdocumentationand source4togetherinafgashionsuitedforreadingbyhumanbe- ings. Incgeneral,$zliterateprogramscombinesourceanddocu- mentation`inasingle le.?Literateprogrammingtoolsthenparse the] letoproduceeitherreadabledocumentationorcompilable source.TheWEBstyleofliterateprogrammingwgascreatedby D.5E.Knuthduringthedev٠elopmentofhisTU>?E1fXtypesettingsoft- wgare.415nBo][o]Discussionofliterateprogrammingisconductedinthe newsgroupecomp.programming.literate,jwhichisg7ate-wgayed!tothemailinglistlitprog@shsu.edu(seeques-tion19fordetails).>TheliterateprogrammingFBAs8Qkisstoredashelp/LitProg-FAQ򍍑47WEBf3orC,FOR&TRAN,andotherlanguagesTU>?E1fXJiswrittenintheprogramminglanguageWEB;\zWEBisatooltoimplementtheconceptof\literateprogramming". f獑CWEB,̻aWEBforCprograms,writtenbySilvioLevyY,isavailableasweb/c_cpp/cwebSpidery1WEBsupportsman٠ylanguagesincludingAda,}awk,andqC.ItwgaswrittenbyNormanRamse٠yand,Lwhilenotinthepublicdomain,isusablefree. Itisavailableinweb/spiderwebFWEBZisZav٠ersionforFortran,bXRatfor,andZCwrittenbyJohnKrommes.Itisavailableinweb/fwebSc٠hemeWEBisaUnix lterthattranslatesSchemeWEBintoLffA;TU>?E1fX7\sourceorSchemesource.bItwgaswrittenbyJohnRamsdellandisavailableinweb/schemewebAPLs8WEBisSav٠ersionofWEBforAPLandisavailableinweb/apl/aplwebFunnelWebŹisav٠ersionofWEBthatislanguageindependent.Itisavailableinweb/funnelwebOtherlanguageindependentv٠ersionsofWEBarenuweb(which=iswritteninANSIC),availableinweb/nuweb,andnoweb,availableinweb/nowebAHWEBQforplainTU>?E1fXmacro les,usingnoweb,hasrecentlybeenmadeavailableinweb/tweb#򍍑JFormatconlv$ersions48Con&vIersionbetween(Lq,AV)TEXandotherstro ?tro -to-latexh(availableassupport/troff-to-latex),writtenBbyKamalAl-Yah7yaatStanfordUniv٠ersity(Cali-fornia,USA),assistsinthetranslationofatro documentintowLffA;TU>?E1fXformat. QItrecognisesmost-msand-manmacros,UDpluskmosteqnandsometblpreprocessorcom-mands.WAn٠ythingfgancierneedstobedonebyhand.T37wgostyleP lesarepro٠vided.Thereisalsoamanpage(whichconv٠ertsverywelltoLffA;TU>?E1fX...).FTheprogramiscopgy-righted{butfree.> Anenhancedv٠ersionofthisprogram,tr2latex,isavailableinsupport/tr2latex΍ThebDECUSTU>?E1fXdistribution(seequestion32)alsocon-tainsaprogramwhichconv٠ertstro toTU>?E1fX.W@ordPerfect`wp2latex9(availableassupport/wp2latex)isaPCprogramwritteninTurboP٠ascalbyR.C.Houte-pen attheEindho٠ven UniversityintheNetherlands.$Itconv٠ertsWorGdP37erfect5.0documentstoLffA;TU>?E1fX. Pascalsourceisincluded.c4Users ndit\helpful"and\decent"inhspiteofsomelimitations.gItgetshighmarksforhan-dling".fontchanges,4butcannotmakgeindices,tablesofcon-tents,0 margins orgraphics,andcan'thandlefeaturesnew4?ТY/^&inWorGdP37erfectv٠ersion5.1,inparticulartheequationfor- &matters8.Theprogramiscopgyrightedbutfree.C#&GlennGeersoftheUniv٠ersityofSydneyY, 4gAus-&tralia (glenn@qed.physics.su.oz.au)istranslat-&ingVwp2latexintoCVandaddingsomeWorGdP37erfect5.1fea-&tures,inn9particularitsequationhandling.BHiswgorkisin&theglennsubdirectoryofsupport/wp2latexF PC-Write;Kpcwritex.arc,E1fX-compatibledisk le.XItwgaswrittenby&PeterSFlynnatUniv٠ersityCollege,Cork,RepublicSofIre-&land.F runo .23Peter gRVanroose's8s(vanroose@esat.kuleuven.&ac.be)pconv٠ersionprogramiswritteninVMSPascal.&ThesourcesandaVAXe٠xecutableareavailablefrom&support/rnototex refer/tib6UThered&areafewprogramsforconv٠ertingbibliographic&datagObetweenBib32TU>?E1fXandrGefer/tibformats.φThe٠yarein&biblio/bibtex/utils/refer-toolsC#&InKspiteofthedirectoryname,.italsocontainsashellscript&to%>conv٠ertBib32TU>?E1fXtorGeferaswell. QThecollectionisnot&maintained. RTF$ȹA|programOforconv٠ertingMicrosoft's8sRichTLextFor-&mattoTU>?E1fXisavailableinsupport/rtf2tex,ިwhich&wgaswrittenandismaintainedbyRobertLupton(rhl@&astro.princeton.edu).3=Thereisalsoaconv٠ertorto&LffA;TU>?E1fXbyErwinW37echtl,insupport/rtf2latexC#&Tgranslation\8toRuTFmaybedone(forasomewhatcon-&strained0setofLffA;TU>?E1fXdocuments)byTU>?EX2RuTF,|whichcan&produceordinaryRuTF,WindowsHelpRTF(aswellas&HTML,}seeSquestion51)._TU>?E1fX2RuTFissupportedonvari-&ouscUnixplatformsandunderWindows3.1;litisavailable&fromsupport/tex2rtf MicrosoftW@ordW2#AbSrudimentarybprogramforconv٠ertingMS-&W37ord(toLffA;TU>?E1fXiswd2late٠x,forMS-DOS(dviware/&wd2latex);lWabbetteridea,hhhowev٠er,isbtoconv٠ertthedoc-&umentM toRfgTFLformatanduseoneoftheRTFLconv٠erters&mentionedabo٠ve.GAn,FUALQthatdealsspeci callywithconv٠ersionsbetween TU>?E1fX-basedQformatsandwgordprocessorformatsisre٠gularly postedtocomp.text.tex,isavailableviahttp://www. kfa-juelich.de/isr/1/texconv.html֕andis archiv٠edashelp/wp-conv/texcnven.txt AgroupatOhioStateUniv٠ersity(USA)iswgorkingonacom- mon documentformatbasedonSGML,Lwiththeambitionthat an٠yformatcouldbetranslatedtoorfromthisone.LFs8rameMakger pro٠vides\import lters"toaidtranslationfromalienformats (presumablyincludingTU>?E1fX)toFs8r٠amemakger'sown.416¾nBo][o]49Con&vIersionfrȹom(Lq,AV)TEXtoplainASCIImNTheaimhereistoemulatetheUnixnro ,pwhichformatste٠xt asbestitcanforthescreen,WfromthesameinputastheUnixtypesettingprogramtro . [8RalphmDroms(droms@bucknell.edu)hasastyle leandaprogramthatpro٠videtheLffA;TU>?E1fXequivalentofnro ,6thoughitdoesn'tdoagoodjobwithtablesandmathematics.Thesoft-wgarea?E1fX-to-ASCIIйconv٠ersionprogram,l2a(support/l2a),althoughthisisreallymoreofade-TU>?E1fXingprogram.Thecanonicalde-TU>?E1fXingprogramisdetex(support/detex),fQwhichremo٠vesallcommentsandcontrolsequencesfromkitsinputbeforewritingittoitsoutput._Itsoriginalpurposewgastoprepareinputforadumbspellingcheckers8.50Con&vIersionfrȹomSGMLorHTMLtoTEXmNSGML isav٠eryimportantsystemfordocumentstorageandinter-change,DbutTithasnoformattingfeatures;&9itscompanionISOstan-dardzDSSSL(http://www.jclark.com/dsssl/)isde-signeds?forwritingtransformationsandformatting,butthishasnotPyetbeenwidelyimplemented.ASomeSGMLauthoringsys-tems(e.g.,SoftQuadAuthor/Editor)hav٠eformattingabilities,andtherearehigh-endspecialistSGMLtypesettingsystems(e.g.,Miles33's8sGener٠a).|9However,themajorityofSGMLusersprob-ablyAetransformthesourcetoane٠xistingtypesettingsystemwhenthe٠ywganttoprint.TU>?E1fXisagoodcandidateforthis.Therearethreeapproachestowritingatranslator:1.WriteMafree-standingtranslatorinthetraditionalwgayY,*withtoolsvlikgeyaccandlex;ythisishard,xinpractice,becauseofthecomple٠xityofSGML.lލ2.UseiaspecialistlanguagedesignedforSGMLtransforma-tions;thebestknownareprobablyOmnimarkandBalise.The٠yi`areexpensive,butpowerful,incorporatingSGMLqueryandtransformationabilitiesaswellassimpletrans-lation.3.Build \atranslatorontopofane٠xistingSGMLparsers8.Byfgar7Bthebest-known(andfree!)?^parserisJamesClark's8snsgmls,GOandsthisproducesamuchsimpleroutputformat,called[oESIS,Kwhichcanbeparsedquitestraightforwgardly(onealsohasthebene tofanSGMLparseag7ainsttheDTD).HT37wgogoodpublicdomainpackagesusethismethod:lߍDavidMe٠gginson's8ssgmlspm, writteninPerl5.ABvailablexfromhttp://www.uottawa.ca/~dmeggins/SGMLSpm/sgmlspm.htmlpJoachimjSchrodandChristineDetig's8sstil,writteninxCommonLisp. !ABvailablefromftp://ftp.th-darmstadt.de/pub/text/sgml/stil4*8YE%&Bothoftheseallowtheusertowrite`handlers'forev٠ery &SGMLelement,withplentyofaccesstoattributes,enti-&ties,andinformationabouttheconte٠xtwithinthedocu-&menttree.'&Ifدthesepackagesdon'tmeetyourneedsforanav٠erage&SGMLtypesettingjob,youneedthebigcommercialstu .ԺSinceHTMLissimplyane٠xampleofSGML,&^wedonot needpaspeci csystemforHTML..Howev٠er,NathanpT37orkington (Nathan.Torkington@vuw.ac.nz)dev٠elopedhtml2latex fromwYtheHTMLparserinNCSA's8sXmosaicpackage.Thepro- gram'takgesanHTML leandgeneratesaLffA;TU>?E1fX lefromit. The conv٠ersion|HcodeissubjecttoNCSArestrictions,Zbutthewhole sourceisavailableassupport/html2latex 񓍑JonathanFine(J.Fine@pmms.cam.ac.uk)hopestore- lease, during 21996,hismacropackagethatdirectlyinterpretsand typesetsanSGMLsource le.Michel'GoossensandJanneSaarelapublishedav٠eryuseful summary#ofSGML,Kandofpublicdomaintoolsforwritingand manipulatingit,inTUGboat16(2).!Х 51%(Lq,AV)TEXcon&vIersiontoHTML TU>?E1fX͹isatypesettinglanguage,a¬amarkupsystem. With properly-usedLffA;TU>?E1fX,youmaybeluckier,butdon'te٠xpectafree lunch.!Remember-tthata)ifyouwgantareallygoodW37ebdocu- ment,youshadbetterredesignitfromscratch,andb)HTML(ev٠en HTML3)_hasprettypoor`typesetting'fgacilities,fQandan٠ythingbe- yondthetrivialwillprobablyneedtoendupagraphic.LffA;TU>?E1fX2HTML۹(support/latex2html)isapackageby Nikgos+Drakos(mostlyofperlscripts)thatbreaksupaLffA;TU>?E1fXdoc- ument-intooneormorecomponents,andlinksthemtogetherso thatthe٠ycanbereadovertheW37orld-WideWebasanh7yperte٠xt document. It&de nesamappingbetweenLffA;TU>?E1fXintra-document referencesandh7yperlinks,uande٠xtendsthemechanismstopermit referenceftoother(possiblyremote)documentsandotherInter- net,resources.bIttranslatesLffA;TU>?E1fXaccentedandothercharacters (asqPbestitcan)tothingsthatW37orld-WideWebbrowserscandis- playY,andtranslatesmathematics(andotherthingsthatbrowsers can't>dealwith)toimagesthatcanbeloadedin-lineintotheh7y- perte٠xtdocument.LffA;TU>?E1fX2HTML _,needsP37erl, thePBMutilities,dvips, GhostScript,and.othersundries;jitassumesitisrunningona UnixMUsystem.MichelGoossensandJanneSaarelapublished axdetaileddiscussionofLffA;TU>?E1fX2HTML,)andhowtotailorit,in TUGboat16(2).Therearetwgoalternativ٠estrategies:Ժy1.&Free-standingLffA;TU>?E1fXtoHTMLtranslations. fHard,but¬Kimpossible.:yJulianSmart's8slatex2rtf(availablefrom&support/latex2rtf)N)doesaplausiblejobonasub-&setofLffA;TU>?E1fX;Ny2.&WritingKanHTML-outputbackgendinLffA;TU>?E1fXitself.ySeeSe-&bastianWRahtz'paperinTUGboat16(3)foradiscussionof&howtogoaboutthisforthegeneralcaseofSGML.417knBo][o]52MakinghypertextdocumentsfrȹomTEXIflyouwganton-lineh7yperte٠xtwitha(LffA9)@TU>?E1fXsource,pprobablyon thePW37orldWideWeb,cconsiderfourtechnologies(whicho٠ver-lap):G1.TgrydirectLffA;TU>?E1fXconv٠ersiontoHTML;seequestion51;2.RewritexyourdocumentusingTLe٠xinfo(seequestion11),andconv٠ertthattoHTML;3.LookatAdobeAcrobat,/$anelectronicdeliv٠erysystemguaranteedtopreserv٠eyourtypesettingperfectlyY. cVSeequestion53;4.Inv٠est intheh7yperTU>?E1fXconv٠entions(standardised\specialcommands);*therearesupportingmacropack-agesforplainTU>?E1fXandLffA;TU>?EX).GTheuHyperTU>?E1fXprojectaimstoe٠xtendthefunctionalityofallthe.LffA;TU>?E1fXcross-referencingcommands(includingthetableofcontents)toproduce\specialcommandswhichareparsedbyDVIprocessorsconformingtotheHyperTU>?E1fXguidelines;itpro٠vides!generalh7ypertextlinks,2includingthosetoexternaldoc-uments.TheOHyperTU>?E1fXspeci cationsaysthatconformantview-ers/translatorsp;mustrecognizethefollowingsetof\specialcommands:href:xhtml:name:html:end:html:image:7html:baseffname:&Jhtml:ThehrGef,$nameandendcommandsareusedtodotheba- sich7yperte٠xtoperationsofestablishinglinksbetweensectionsofdocuments.Furtherydetailsareavailableonhttp://xxx.lanl.gov/hypertex/;therearetwgocommonly-usedimplementa-tionsofthespeci cation,amodi edxdviandamodi eddvips.Outputfromthelattermaybeusedinamodi edGhostScriptorAcrobatDistillers8.v53MakingAcrȹobatdocumentsfromLq,ATEXInthesimplestcase,+useyourDVItoPostScriptdriv٠er,andruntheresultthroughAdobe's8sAcrobatDistiller;ev٠ensimpler,W]ifyouR!useaMacorWindowsTU>?E1fXsystem,[NistoinstallAcrobatEx-change,:andausePDFwriterlikgeaprinterfromyourapplication.ThebClatterisadeadend,h6though neforsimpledocuments,sinceyoubcan'tinserte٠xtrah7yperlinksinthePDFoutput.Forthat,hyouneedtheDistillerroute,whichsupportsaspecialPostScriptop-erator4calledpdfmark,EforpassingthroughinformationtothePDF.T37o[|translatealltheLffA;TU>?E1fXcross-referencingintoAcro-batlinks,JyouneedaLffA;TU>?E1fXpackagetosuitablyrede- nedtheinternalcommands. Therearetwgoofthesefor4*8YE% LffA;TU>?E1fX2"09,bothgbasedontheHyperTU>?E1fXspeci cation(seeques- tionH52):J'SebastianRahtz's8shyperrGef(availablefrommacros/ latex/contrib/supported/hyperref),?andMichael Mehlich's8sf?hyper(availablefrommacros/latex/contrib/ supported/hyper). Ygou'usedvihps(amodi eddvips)to translatew(theDVIintoPostScriptacceptabletoDistillers8.Alterna- tiv٠elyY,Wif,youknowyouonlywgantAcrobat,WhyperrGefalsohasa `nativ٠eMPDF'mode,whichwgorkswithplaindvips(ormostother translators)\andgiv٠esaccesstoallthefunctionalityofpdfmark. gSadlyY,r(therenarenofreeimplementationsofDistiller,noran٠y signsofthem. GhostScript(v٠ersions3.51onwgards)candisplay andt*printPDF les,4howev٠er,ift*youareonaplatformwithno AcrobatEReaders8.fYgoumayseeaDVItoPDFtranslatorsoon,but donotholdyourbreath.- K'U=MPff logobf10METAFCONT?ٍ 54%GettingMET~AFbONTtodowhaty3ouwant? METAF9ONTxallowsxyoutocreateyourownfonts,zeandmostTU>?E1fX userswillnev٠erneedtouseit.?E1fX,requires someWDcustomisation: eachoutputdeviceforwhichyouwillbe generatingfontsneedsamodeassociatedwithit.`CModesare de ned usingthemode_defconv٠entiondescribedonpage94 of0TheMETAF9ONTbook\>(seequestion17).+Ygouwillneeda le,Iwhichnconv٠entionallycalledlocal.mf,containingallthe mode_defs-youwillbeusing."Iflocal.mfdoesn'talready e٠xist,BKarlBerry's8scollectionofmodes,availableasfonts/ modes/modes.mf,:isagoodstartingpoint(itcanbeusedas av`local.mf'withoutmodi cationina`bigenough'imple- mentationQtofMETAF9ONT).Listsofsettingsforvariousoutput devices4arealsopublishedperiodicallyinTUGboatC(seeques- tiong14).Nowcreateaplainbase leusinginimf,1plain.mf, andlocal.mf:*Pm&%inimf&ThisisMETAFONTB...&**plainuyoutype`plain'&(output.)&*inputlocalmٹyoutypethis&(output.)&*dumpٹyoutypethis&Be٠ginningtodumpon leplain...&(output.)5Thiswillcreateabase lenamedplain.base(orsome- thing#similar;]4fore٠xample, itwillbePLAIN.BASonMS-DOS systems)^whichshouldbemo٠ved^tothedirectorycontainingthe baseIH lesonyoursystem(notethatsomesystemshav٠etwgoor moresuchdirectories,oneforeach`size'ofMETAF9ONTused).Now*youneedtomakgesureMETAF9ONT*loadsthisnewbase whenEitstartsup.jIfMETAF9ONTE:loadstheplainbaseby defgaultGonyoursystem,thenyou'rereadytogo.lUnderUnix418PnBo]E(usingthedefgaultweb2cdistribution^7)thisdoesindeedhappen, butwecouldforinstancede neacommandmfwhiche٠xecutesvirmf&plainloadingtheplainbase le. ㍑TheusualwgaytocreateafontwithplainMETAF9ONTֹistostartitwiththeline\mode=;mag=;inputinresponsetothe`**'promptorontheMETAF9ONTcom-mandeline.(Ifisunknownoromitted,themodedefgaultsto`proof'andMETAF9ONTswillproduceanAoutput lecalled.2602gf)ATheisa oatingpointnumberor`mag-step'(magstepsarede nedinTheMETAF9ONTbook+andTheTU>4xE1fXbook+).Ifmag=isomitted,,thenthedefgaultx"is1(magstep0).F٠orexample,ytogeneratecmr10at12ptforanepsonprinteryouwgouldtypemf\mode=epson;mag=magstep1;inputcmr10NoteߝthatunderUnixthe\and;charactersmustusuallybequotedorescaped,sothiswgouldtypicallylooksomethinglikemf'\mode=epson;mag=magstep1;inputcmr10'If,youdon'thav٠einimforneedaspecialmodethatisn'tintheBbase,)youcanputitscommandsina le(e٠.g.,ln03.mf)BandinvokgePitonthe ywiththe\smodecommand. F٠orexample,Z]tocreatecmr10.300gfforanLN03printer,usingthe le%Thisisln03.mfasof2/27/90%mode_defcourtesyofJohnSauterproofing:=0;fontmaking:=1;tracingtitles:=0;pixels_per_inch:=300;blacker:=0.65;fillin:=-0.1;o_correction:=.5;(notetheabsenceofthemode_defandenddefcommands),youwgouldtypemf\smode="ln03";inputcmr10Thistechniqueisn'toneyoushouldre٠gularlyuse,=butitmaypro٠veOusefulifyouacquireanewprinterandwganttoe٠xperimentwith2yparameters,_orforsomeotherreasonarere٠gularlyeditingthe96parametersyou'reusing.E:Onceyou'v٠esettledonanappro-priate{xsetofparameters,|`youshouldusethemtorebuildthebase lethatyouuse. ㍑ALsummaryMVoftheabo٠veMVwrittenbyGeo re٠yT37obin,andtipsaboutcommonpitfgallsinusingMETAF9ONT,isavailableasinfo/metafont-for-beginners.tex4*8 }] 55%Whichf3ont lesshouldbekIept METAF9ONT1չproduces2fromitsrunthree les,^ametrics(TFM) le,agenericfont(GF) le,andalog le;allofthese leshav٠e thefsamebasenameasdoestheinput(e٠.g.,?ifftheinput lewgas cmr10.mf,;#the)outputswillbecmr10.tfm,cmr10.nnngf^8 andcmr10.log).F٠orgTU>?E1fXtousethefont,pyouneedaTFM le,soyouneed tokgeepthat.{Howev٠er,youarelikelytogeneratethesamefont at,morethanonemagni cation,andeachtimeyoudosoyou'gll (incidentally)generateanotherTFM le;5these lesareallthe same,soyouonlyneedtokgeeponeofthem.T37o0previewortoproduceprintedoutput,\theDVIprocessor will needafontraster le;2thisiswhattheGF lepro٠vides.How- ev٠er,Gwhilethereused(onceuponatime)tobeDVIprocessors thatcoulduseGF les,*modernprocessorsusepackgedraster(PK) les.Therefore,you+needtogenerateaPK lefromtheGF le; the!programgftopkdoesthisforyou,andonceyou'v٠edonethat youmaythrowtheGF lea٠wgayY.The&log leshouldnev٠erneedtobeused,Pqunlesstherewgas someHsortofproblemintheMETAF9ONTHerun,zandneednotbe ordinarilykgept.| 56%GettingbitmapsfrȹomthearchiIves Most7/peoplethesedaysstartusingTU>?E1fXwitha300dots-per- inch(dpi)laserprinter,andComputerModernbitmapfontsfor thisq resolutionaresuppliedwithmostTU>?E1fXpackages.There are::alsotwgosuchsetsavailableonCT)AN: fonts/cm/pk/ pk300.zip6(forwrite-blackprinterengines)andfonts/cm/ pk/pk300w.zip(forwrite-whiteengines).Howev٠er, some usersBwganttosendtheirworktohighqualitytypesettingma- chines(typicallywitharesolutionof1270dpiorgreater);it isxalsobecomingmorecommontousea600dpilaserprinters8. Wh7ydon'tthearchiv٠esorsuppliersprovidebitmapfontsatthese sizes?Therearetwgoreasons:day1.&When^abitmapfontiscreatedwithMETAF9ONT,itneeds&toQIknowthecharacteristicsofthedevice;`whoknowswhat&600ڥor1270dpideviceyouhav٠e?)(Ofcourse,Othisobjec-&tionappliesequallywellto300dpiprinters.)0y2.&BitmapEfontsgetbigathighresolutions.:Whoknowswhat&fontsatwhatsizesyouneed? Itwgouldbepossibletopro٠videsomesetof1270dpibitmapfonts inhthearchiv٠es,lbutitwgouldtakealotofspace,landmightnotbe rightforyou.Sopwhattodo?Ygoucanbuildthefontsyouneedyourself with"METAF9ONT:thisisn'tatallhard,andsomedriv٠ershelp you(dvips,andtheemTU>?E1fXdriv٠ers)constructtheMETAF9ONT commands.YgoujmightneedtolookatKarlBerry's8scollection of4METAF9ONTmodes(fonts/modes/modes.mf).3Alter- nativ٠elyY,ifRitisaPostScriptdeviceyouhav٠e,considerusing the'HfontsinT37ype1fontformat.oYgoucanbuyalltheComputer ModernrfontsinoutlineformfromBlueSk٠yResearch,tKinchorff΃ nl h-:7fhThe>Kj ptmri7tcommandzfffhHnameissymbolicallylinkedtovirmf,andvirmfloads?0 pcrr7tcommand_name.base 鍍 h-:8fhNotethatthe lenamemaybetransmutedbysuchoperatingsystemsasMS-DOS,whichdon'&tpermitlong lenames419nBo][o]Y&Y(seequestion38foraddresses),/oryoucanuseBasilMaly- shev's8spublicdomainv٠ersionsinfonts/cm/ps-type1(theP٠aradissamZcollectioniscomplete,buthaslargelybeenreplacedbythebetterBaKoMacollection)."eL2PJostScriptandTyQEgyX57UsingP“ostScriptf3ontswithTEXvInuordertousePostScriptfonts,TU>?E1fXneedsmetric(calledTFM) les.\Sev٠eralsetsofmetricsareavailablefromthearchiv٠es;bformechanismsforgeneratingnewones,seequestion59.Ygoualsoneed[thefontsthemselv٠es;gPostScriptprinterscomewithasetoffontsDbuiltin,Pbuttoe٠xtendyourrepertoireyoualmostinvariablyneedOtobuyfromoneoftheman٠ycommercialfontvendors(see,fore٠xample,question61). ,IfCyouuseLffA;TU>?E1fX2"$F,thebestwgaytogetPostScriptfontsintoyourrdocumentistousethePSNFSSpackagemaintainedbySe-bastianRahtzandAlanJe re٠y(availableinmacros/latex/packages/psnfss);Jit's8ssupportedbytheLffA;TU>?E1fX3projectteam,msoibugreportscanandshouldbesubmitted.PSNFSSgiv٠esyouasetofpackagesforchangingthedefgaultroman,hsans-serifando&typewriterfonts;e٠.g.,times.stywillsetupTgimesRo-man,L Helv٠etica?andCourierinplaceofComputerModern,whileavant.styNjustchangesthesans-seriffgamilytoABvantGarde.T37ogowiththesepackages,[youwillneedthefontmetric les(wgatchoutforencodingproblems!'seequestion59)andfontdescription(.fd) lesforeachfontfgamilyyouwanttouse.TheseAhcanbeobtainedfromfonts/psfonts,arrangedbyv٠endor2(e.g.,EAdobe,Monotype,etc.).[/F٠orconvenience,Emet-ricsJwforthecommon`35'PostScriptfontsfoundinmostprint-ersarepro٠videdwithPSNFSS,6Epackagedasmacros/latex/packages/psnfss/lw35nfss.zipF٠orolderversionsofLffA;TU>?E1fXtherearevariousschemes, ofwhichythesimplesttouseisprobablythePSLffA;TU>?E1fXmacrosdis-tributedwithdvips.F٠ornCplainTU>?E1fX,qyouloadwhateverfontsyoulikge;t,iftheen-coding]ofthefontsisnotthesameasComputerModernitwillbe1uptoyoutorede nevariousmacrosandaccents,}oryoucanuse!thefontre-encodingmechanismsavailableinman٠ydriv٠ersandinps2pkandafm2tfm.Vfgictor1Eijkhout's8ssophisticatedLollipoppackage(macros/lollipop)YHsupportsdeclarationoffontfgamiliesandstylesinasimilarwgaytoLffA;TU>?E1fX's8sNFSS,NandsoiseasytousewithPostScriptfonts.Somecommonproblemsencounteredarediscussedelse-where(seequestion60).e58Prȹeviewing lesusingP“ostScriptf3ontsvMostbTU>?E1fXpreviewersbonlydisplaybitmapPKfonts.kIfyouwganttoV^previewdocumentsusingPostScriptfonts,youhav٠ethreechoices:􍍍1.Conv٠ert#theDVI letoPostScriptanduseaPostScriptpreviewers8.zzSomeKmodernUnixXimplementationshav٠ethis:builtin(asdoesNeXT-step);"(X11)Unix,irWindows,4*8YE%&OS/2,O6and_MS-DOSuserscanusethefreeGhostScript &(support/ghostscript),Jamcompletelev٠el2imple-&mentation.F y2.&UnderWindowsonaPC,XoronaMacintosh,letAdobe&T37ypeHManagerdisplaythefonts.sVTLe٠xtures(Macintosh)&wgorksDlikethis,uandunderWindowsyoucanuseY&Y's8s&dviwindo?Bforbitmap-freepreviewing.(See?Bquestion38for&detailsofthesesuppliers.)y3.&IfGyouhav٠ethePostScriptfontsinT37ype1format,`use&ps2pk(fonts/utilities/ps2pk)orgsftopk(de-&signed forusewiththeGhostScriptfonts;Zfonts/&utilities/gsftopk);tomakgePKbitmapfontswhich&your$previewerwillunderstand.Thiscanproducee٠xcel-&lent_results,alsosuitableforprintingwithnon-PostScript&devices.Checkzthele٠g7alitiesofthisifyouhavepurchased&thepfonts.)Thev٠erycommonestPostScriptfontssuchas&TgimesOandCouriercomeinT37ype1formatondiskwith&AdobeT37ypeManager(oftenbundledwithWindows,24and&partofOS/2).I 59%TEXf3ontmetric lesforP“ostScriptfontsB F٠ontvendorssuchasAdobesupplymetric lesforeachfont,in AFMù(AdobeF٠ontMetric)form;thesecanbeconvertedtoTFM (TU>?E1fXF٠ontMetric)form.#TheCT)ANarchiveshaveprebuiltmet- rics whichwillbemorethanenoughforman٠ypeople(fonts/ psfonts;^/bewgareMG|thisdirectoryisattherootofahugetree), butyoumayneedtodotheconv٠ersionyourselfifyouhav٠espe- cialneedsoracquireanewfont.wOneimportantquestionisthe encodingof(Latincharacter)fonts;1Uwhileweallmoreorless agree#aboutthepositionofabout96charactersinfonts(thebasic ASCIIY׹set),aytherestofthe(typically)256varyY. Themostob٠vious problemsarewith oatingaccentsandspecialcharacterssuch asthe`poundssterling'sign.%Therearethreewgaysofdealing withZthis:eitheryouchangetheTU>?E1fXmacroswhichreferencethe characters(notmuchfun,7anderror-prone);oryouchangethe encodingh$ofthefont(easierthanyoumightthink);6oryouuse virtualefonts(seequestion28)toprGetend}toTU>?E1fXthattheencod- ingisthesameasitisusedto.IfyouuseLffA;TU>?E1fX2"$̹,itallowsfor changing{theencodinginTU>?E1fX;readtheL[AHTU>4xEXCompanion(see question17)formoredetails.Inpractice,.ifyoudomuchnon- English(butLatinscript)typesetting,~youarestronglyrecom- mendedrtousethefontencpackagewithoption`T1'toselect T1(`Cork':seequestion31)encoding. AlanJe re٠y's8sfontinstpackage(fonts/utilities/ fontinst)yisanAFMtoTFMconv٠erterwritteninTU>?E1fX;Bitis used9togeneratethe lesusedbyLffA;TU>?E1fX2"$<'s8sPSNFSSpackageto supportSuseofPostScriptfonts. Itisasophisticatedpackage,\not forthefgaint-hearted,:butispowerfulenoughtocopewithmost needs.Muchofitspowerreliesontheuseofvirtualfonts(see question28).F٠orMslightlysimplerproblems,Rokicki's8safm2tfm,distributed withcHdvips(dviware/dvips),isfgastandecient;notethat themetricsandstylesthatcomewithdvipsarenotIcurrently LffA;TU>?E1fX2"3̹compatible,~butKKarlBerryplanstodistributemetrics directlycompatiblewithPSNFSSinhisdvipskpackage.4204nBo][o]F٠ortheMacintosh,thereisaprogramcalledEdMetrics which7doesthejob(andmore).yItcomeswiththeTLe٠xturesdistri-bution,$but isinfgactfreesoftware,$availableassystems/mac/textures/utilities/EdMetrics.sea.hqx K0MS-DOSuserscanbuy(seequestion38)Y&Y's8sF٠ontMa-nipulation1T37oolspackagewhichincludesapowerfulafmtotfmprogramamongman٠yothergoodies.=60PrȹoblemsusingP“ostScriptf3ontsNٍF٠orq0thetypicalLffA;TU>?E1fXusertryingtousethePSNFSS(seeques-tionC57)package,threequestionsoftenarise.X`First,youhav٠etodeclaretotheDVIdriv٠erthatyouareusingPostScriptfonts;?intheScaseofdvips,\thismeansaddinglinestothepsfonts.map le.`0Otherwise,rdvipsB3willtryto ndPK les.Ifthefontisn'tbuiltintotheprinter,8youhav٠etoacquireit(inmanycasesthismeansx buyingitfromacommercialsupplier!).Ygouthenhav٠eto‡instructthedriv٠ertodownloaditwitheachjob(themech-anismdependsonyourdriv٠er).4_Soit's8snogoodjustinstallingthekmetricsforOptimaande٠xpectingittowgork.5Ygouhavetopayxhardcashforthefontitself,Vwhichwillcome(forUnixandMS-DOSusers)inpfb(PrinterF٠ontBinary)form.Second,youcannote٠xpectyourpreviewertosuddenlystartdisplayingPostScriptfonts;ImostofthemonlyknowaboutPK׵bitmapfontssuchasComputerModern. ps2pk(fonts/utilities/ps2pk)vcancreatethesefromthepfb leyouhav٠epbought;ۧthiswgouldalsoletyouusethefontswithnon-PostScript?Ddevicedriv٠erssuchastheemTU>?E1fXones.WeYgouarere-sponsibleh'formakingsureyouarenotbreakingthelicencere-strictionsonfontyoubought.Third,thestretchandshrinkbetweenwgordsisafunctionofthefontmetric;ďitisnotspeci edinAFM les,"sodi erentcon-v٠erters choosedi erentvalues.$ThePostScriptmetricsthatcomewith=TPSNFSSusedtoproducequitetightsetting,lbutthe٠ywererevised1inmid1995toproduceacompromisebetweenAmeri-can&andEuropeanpractice.=Reallysophisticatedusersmaynot nd ev٠enthenewthevaluestotheirtaste,andwganttoo٠verridethem.ʼEv٠en thecasualusermay ndmoreh7yphenationorover-fullbox٠esthanCMRproduces;butCMRisextremelygenerous.=61Choiceofscalableoutlinef3ontsNٍIfyouareinterestedinte٠xtalone,/*youcanuseanyofover20,000fonts(!)0inAdobeT37ype1format(called`PostScriptfonts'intheTU>?E1fXlwgorldand`ABTMfonts'intheDTPworld),oran٠yofseveralhundredfontsinTgrueT37ypeformat..Thatis,&pro٠videdofcourse,thatyourpreviewerandprinterdriv٠ersupportscalableoutlinefonts.TU>?E1fXhitselfonlycaresaboutmetrics,8Anottheactualcharacterprograms.YgouԶjustneedtocreateaTU>?E1fXmetric leTFMus-ingsometoolsuchasafm2tfm,eafmtotfm(fromY&Y,seeques-tiona38)orfontinst.F٠ortheprevieweraorprinterdriveryouneedtheactualoutlinefont lesthemselv٠es(pfaforDisplayPostScript,capfb5forABTMonIBMPC,Macoutlinefont lesonMacintosh).Ifyoualsoneedmathematics,thenyouaresev٠erelylimitedbythedemandsthatTU>?E1fXmakgesofmathsfonts(fordetails,)isee4?ТY/^ theMpaperbyB.K.P.HorninTUGboatF\14(3)).F٠ormaths,>`then, therearerelativ٠elyfewchoices:n ComputerModern]"ù(75:`fonts|opticalscaling)DonaldE.&Knuth&NotethatCMisavailableinscalableoutlineform.oYThere&arecommercialaswellaspublicdomainv٠ersions,and&therearebothAdobeT37ype1andTgrueTypev٠ersions.Some&of&[theseare`commercialgrade,L'8Hwithfullhand-tunedhint-&ing,somerenderv٠erypoorlyY,whileothersaremerelyin-&compatiblewithAdobeT37ypeManager(ABTM).> LucidaBrightwithLucidaNe٠wMathK(25YYfonts)Chuck&BigelowandKrisHolmes&Lucidaisafgamilyofrelatedfontsincludingseri ed,sans&serif,anddelimitersthanCM(o٠ver>800insteadof384:&among%others,NZitalsoincludestheAMSmsamandmsbm&symbolMQsets).Theplanned`LucidaBrightExpert'(14&fonts)addsseri ed x٠edwidth,Ganotherhandwritingfont,&smallcaps,{boldI]maths,upright`mathsitalic',etc.,tothe&setwThedistributionincludessupportforusewithplain&TU>E1fX`andLffA;TU>EX2.09.SupportunderLffA;TU>EX2")!ispro٠vided&inPSNFSS(seequestion57)thankstoSebastianRahtz.> MathTs8ime1.1J:(3fonts)TU>E1fXplorators(MichaelSpivak)&TheH setcontainsmathsitalic,SE1fXand&LffA;TU>E1fX2.09Z(includingcodetolinkinAdobeMathPi2and&MathMMPi6).SupportunderLffA;TU>E1fX2"&ڝispro٠videdinPSNFSS&(seequestion57)thankstoSebastianRahtz.> AdobeLucida,LucidaSansandLucidaMath((12fonts)&LucidaIandLucidaMatharegenerallyconsideredtobea&bit$CheavyY.aThethreemathsfontscontainonlytheglyphs&intheCMmathsitalic,symbol,ande٠xtensionfonts.Sup-&portmforusingLucidaMathwithTU>E1fXisnotv٠erygood;syou&will]needtodosomewgorkreencodingfontsetc.\(Insome&sensethissetistheancestoroftheLucidaBrightplusLu-&cidaNewMathfontset.)> ConcrGeteg,theAMSmathsfontsetc.aDonaldE.Knuthandthe&AMS.&Theseyaresometimesmentionedasalternativ٠estoCM,zbut&the٠y\arereallyadjuncts,cinthatyouneedtouseatleastthe&basicCMmathsfontswiththem. ProprietaryfontsWVarioussources.&Since,Uhavingahighqualityfontsetinscalableoutline421U nBo][o]formethatwgorkswithTU>?E1fXcangiv٠eapublisherarealcom- petitiv٠eladvantage,therearesomepublishersthathav٠epaidR(alot)tohav٠esuchfontsetsmadeforthem..Un-fortunatelyY,s%theseBsetsarenotavailableontheopenmar-kget,gIdespiteathelikelihoodthatthe٠y'remorecompletethanthosethatare.@Mathptm (4fonts)AlanJe re٠yY.This)setcontainsmathsitalic,"symbol,e٠xtension,and)ro-manvirtualfonts,ˤbuiltfromAdobeTgimes,Symbol,ZapfChanceryY,7and߳theComputerModernfonts.8TheMath-ptmfontsarefree,andtheresultingPostScript lescanbe1freelye٠xchanged.q+ContainsmostoftheCMmathsym-bols.PSupport,underLffA;TU>?E1fX2"'d[inPSNFSS(seequestion57)thankstoAlanJe re٠yandSebastianRahtz.x (Asimilardev٠elopmentbyThomasEsser,usingtheAdobeP٠alatinofonts,+isavailablefromsystems/unix/teTeX/updates/texmf/mathppl.sh)40All:,ofthe rstthreefontsetsareavailableinformatssuitableforhIBMPC/Windows,MacintoshandUnix/NeXTfromY&YDandfrom3BlueSk٠yResearch(seequestion38fordetails).+TheMath-Tgimefontsarealsoavailablefrom:TU>?E1fXplorators1572W37estGray#377HoustonTX77019USAThev٠erylimitedselectionofmathsfontsetsisadirectresultoftheufgactthatamathsfonthastobee٠xplicitlydesignedforusewithTU>?E1fXandasaresultitislikgelytolosesomeofitsappealinothermarkgets.Furthermore,< theTU>?E1fXmarketforcommercialfontsisminute(incomparison,׊fore٠xample,toMicrosoftTgrue-T37ypegfontpack#1,ˁwhichsoldsomethinglikge10millioncopiesinafewweeksafterreleaseofWindows3.1!). TLe٠xtl~fontsinT37ype1formatareavailablefrommanyvendorsincludingAdobe,Monotype,Bitstream.fAABvoidcheaprip-o s:not8Conlyareyourewgardingunethicalbehaviour,fSdestroyingthecottageindustryofinno٠vativetypedesign,butyouarealsoverylikgelytogetjunk.@Thefontsmaynotrenderwell(oratallunderABTM),W~may,enothav٠ethe`standard'complementof228glyphs,or maynotincludemetric les(neededtomakgeTFM les).Also,avoidTgrueT37ypefontsfromallbutthemajorv٠endors.TrueT37ypefontsQareanorderofmagnitudeharderto`hint'properlythanT37ypea;1fontsandhenceTgrueTypefontsfromplacesotherthanMicrosoftandApplemaybesuspect.?Inan٠ycaseyoumay ndotherproblemswithTgrueT37ypefontssuchasservicebureauxnotacceptingjobscallingforthem. S62IncludingaP“ostScript gurȹeinLq,ATEX%OLffA;TU>?E1fX2"N(seeKquestion107)hasastandardpackageforgraphicsinclusion,wrotation,colour,andtotherdriv٠er-relatedfeatures.ThepackageyjisdocumentedinthesecondeditionoftheLamport's8sLffA;TU>?E1fXEbook(seequestion17),andisavailableinmacros/latex/packages/graphics4*8YE%Ifysyoudon'tuseLffA;TU>?E1fX2"&v,perhapsthebestmethodisto usethepsfigmacroswrittenbyTgrevorDarrell,availablein graphics/psfig Ygou7 willalsoneedaDVItoPostScriptconv٠ersionprogram that_supportsthe\specials.Thedriv٠ersmentionedinques- tion39do,|andcomewithav٠ersionofpsfigreadytouse withthem.>ThepsfigmacroswgorkbestwithEncapsulated PostScriptFiles(EPS). ZInparticular,epsfigwillneedthe leKtohav٠eaBoundingBox(seeAppendixHKoftheP37ostScript Languagge(ReferGenceManual).#Ifyoudon'thav٠eanEPS le,life canbedicult.OneHpointtonoteaboutincludingPostScript guresisthat the٠yarenotpartoftheDVI le,Obutareonlyincludedwhenyou useEaDVItoPostScriptconv٠ersionprogram.jfAsaresult,wmost DVI?E1fXhasre- serv٠edforyour gure,notthe gureitself.ThereHaretwgorathergooddocumentsonCT)ANad- dressing+of gureproductionwithratherdi erentempha- sis.Anil K.Goel's8s,info/figsinltx.psco٠vers thedif- ferentxwgaysinwhichyoumightgenerate gures,6andone therold(LffA;TU>?E1fX2.09)wgaysofincludingthemintodocuments. KeithReckdahl's8s,info/epslatex.ps,co٠versthestan- dardsLffA;TU>?E1fX2"/'fgacilities,passwellassomeofthesupport- ing&packages,8notablysub gurGe(macros/latex/contrib/ supported/subfigure) !andpsfr٠agg(macros/latex/ contrib/supported/psfrag).$덍 M)JSpecialsortsoftypesettingN& 63%DrawingwithTEX There2areman٠ypackagestodopicturesin(LffA9)@TU>?E1fXitself(rather than#Yimportinggraphicscreatede٠xternally),5rangingfromsimple use*ofLffA;TU>?E1fXpictureenvironment,;throughenhancementslikge epic,toŒsophisticated(butslow)dra٠wingwithPП?IaJCfTU>?E1fX.MDepend- ingonyourtypeofdra٠wing, andsetup,foursystemsshouldbe atthetopofyourlisttolookat:%y1.&graphics/pstricks;Bthisgiv٠esyouaccesstoallthe&powerDofPostScriptfromTU>?E1fXitself, bysophisticateduse&ofV\specials.KYgouneedadecentDVItoPostScript&driv٠er(likgedvips),7buttheresultsareworthit.?Thewell-&documented packagegiv٠esyounotonlylow-lev٠eldrawing&commandsu(andfullcolour)likgelines,circles,shapesuatar-&bitrary4Fcoordinates,Clbutalsohigh-lev٠elmacrosforframing&te٠xt,drawingtreesandmatrices,3De ects,andmore.܍y2.&METAPqOST;youlikgedMETAF9ONT,butnev٠ergotto&gripspwithfont les?zTgryMETAPqOSTp(seequestion4)|&all4thepowerofMETAF9ONT,butitgeneratesPostScript& gures.Knuthusesitforallhiswgork...y3.&Mfpic;youlikgedMETAF9ONT,butcan'tunderstandthe&language?TheOpackage(graphics/mfpic)makgesup&METAF9ONTcodeCforyouwithinusingfgamiliar-looking&TU>?E1fXumacros.&NotquitethefullpowerofMETAF9ONT,but&afriendlierinterfgace.422tnBo][o]4.Ygou_likgedPП?IaJCfTU>?E1fXbutdon'thav٠eenoughmemoryortime? LookDatEitanGurari's8smacros/generic/dratex,which/isaspowerfulasmostotherTU>?E1fXdra٠wingpack-ages, nbut%isanentirelynewimplementation,whichisnotas]}hardonmemoryY,ismuchmorereadable(andisfullydocumented).Y64Double-spaceddocumentsinLq,ATEX捑Are*youproducingathesis,U|andtryingtoobe٠yregulationsthatwere0draftedinthetypewriterera?, OrareyouproducingcopgyforNajournalthatinsistsondoublespacingforthesubmittedar-ticles? ˍLffA;TU>?E1fXisatypesettingsystem,sotheappropriatedesigncon-v٠entionsarefor\realbooks".a3Ifyourrequirementisfromthesisre٠gulations, ndܷwhoeverisresponsiblefortheregulations,andtry5}togetthewgordingchangedtocaterfortypesettheses(e٠.g.,tosay\ifusingatypesettingsystem,waimtomakgeyourthesislook-Ylikgeawell-designedbook").!(Ifyourrequirementisfroma)sjournal,Syou'reprobablyev٠enlesslikgelytobeabletogettheruleschanged,ofcourse.)Iftyoufgailtoconvinceyourocials,orwantsomeinter-linespaceforcopgy-editing:2aTgryhchanging\baselinestretch:\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1.2}maybeenoughtogiv٠eocials˦theimpressionyou'v٠ekgepttotheirregulations.Don't2~trychanging\baselineskip:~itsvalueisresetatan٠ysize-changingcommand.C,Alternativ٠elyY,kbuse?E1fX2"$.Y65F3ormattingathesisinLq,ATEX捑Thesis(stylesareusuallyv٠eryspeci ctoyourUniversityY,2soit's8susually.notpro tabletoaskaroundforapackageoutsideyourown6Univ٠ersityY.CSincemanyUniversities(intheireccentricwgay)stillrequiredouble-spacing, youmaycaretorefertoquestion64.Ifyouwganttowriteyourown,agoodplacetostartistheUni-v٠ersity;ofCaliforniastyle(availableasmacros/latex209/contrib/ucthesis),(cbut|it's8snotwgorthgoingtoalotoftrou-ble.?(Ifocialswgon'tallowstandardtypographicconv٠entions,youwgon'tbeabletoproduceanstheticallypleasingdocumentan٠ywgay!)66FloIwingtextarȹound guresinLq,ATEX捑ThereKharesev٠eralLffA;TU>?E1fXpackagesthatpurporttodothis,UbuttheyallWhav٠etheirlimitationsbecausetheTU>?E1fXmachineisn'treallydesignedttosolv٠ethissortofproblem.PietvanOostrumhasconductedasurv٠eyoftheavailablepackages;herecommends:4*8YE% @0 pcrb7t@picins6picins.styiispartofalargepackage(systems/ &msdos/picins/picins.zip)O"thatallowsinclusion&ofxpictures(e.g.,z;withshadowbox٠es,variousMS-DOSfor-&mats,etc.).Thecommandis:&\parpic(width,height.)(x-o u,y-o )[Options][P37osition]P{PicturGe}&P37ar٠aggraphtext&All^parameterse٠xceptthePicturGeareoptional.kThepic-&ture?canbepositionedleftorright,Lbox٠edwitharectangle,&o٠val,shadowbox,dashed@box,andacaptioncanbegiv٠en&whichwillbeincludedinthelistof gures.&Unfortunatelyg(forthoseofuswhoseunderstanding&ofTGermanisnotgood),thedocumentationisin&German. PietcvanOostrumhaswrittenanEnglish&summarymacros/latex209/contrib/picins/&picins.txt @floatfltBmacros/latex/contrib/other/floatflt&isanimpro٠vedversion(forLffA;TU>?E1fX2"0ӂ)of&floatfig.sty,anditssyntaxis:&\begin{floatingfigure}[options]{widthSof& gurGe}8 gurGecontents&\end{floatingfigure}&Therekisa(moreorlesssimilar)floatingtableenvi-&ronment.&Thetablesor gurescanbesetleftorright,_oralternating&onev٠en/oddpagesinadouble-sideddocument.&Thepackagewgorkswiththemulticolpackage,9Bbut&doesn'tȒwgorkwellintheneighbourhoodoflistenviron-&ments(unlessyouchangeyourLffA;TU>?E1fXdocument). @wrapfig?E1fXdocumentclassesde neasmallsetof`page styles'which(ine ect)specifyhead-andfootlinesforyourdoc-ument./The_setde nedisv٠eryrestricted,7butLffA;TU>?E1fXiscapableofmuchUmore;apeopleoccasionallysetaboutemplogyingLffA;TU>?E1fXfa-cilities?todothejob,butthat's8squiteunnecessary|PietvanOostrumhasalreadydonethewgork.Thepackageisfoundindirectorymacros/latex/contrib/other/fancyheadingsvYandpro٠videssimplemechanisms?E1fX).Theamoreverbpackage(macros/latex/contrib/supported/moreverb)ne٠xtendsthefgacilitiesofverbatimpackage), L!pro٠viding Valistingenvironmentanda\listinginputcommand, !whichline-numberthete٠xtofthe le.669Generatinganindexin(Lq,AV)TEXMaking`aninde٠xisnottrivial;whattoindex,andhowtoindexit,wisdiculttodecide,anduniformimplementationisdiculttoVachiev٠e. Ygouwillneedtomarkallitemstobeindexedinyourte٠xt(typicallywith\indexcommands).It*isnotpracticaltosortalargeinde٠xwithinTU>?E1fX,4soapost-processingprogramisusedtosorttheoutputofoneTU>?E1fXrun,tobeincludedintothedocumentatthene٠xtrun.Thefollowingprogramsareavailable:,makgeindexιfordLffA;TU>?E1fXunderUnix(butrunsunderotherOSswithoutchanges).hABvailableinindexing/makeindex;Ta8v٠ersionfortheMacintoshisavailableassystems/mac/macmakeindex.sit,0andonesforMS-DOS(arepartoftheemTU>?E1fXandgTU>?EXdistributions(theemTU>?E1fXv٠ersionalsorunsunderOS/2).TheUMakgeinde٠xdocumentationisagoodsourceofinfor-mationaonhowtocreateyourowninde٠x."MakgeindexacanbeusedwithsomeTU>?E1fXmacropackagesotherthanLffA;TU>?EX,suchasEplain.idxtexfori8LffA;TU>?E1fXunderVMS.@ABvailable(togetherwitha)Wglossary-makgercalledglotex)inindexing/glo+idxtextexindex A 0witty littleshell/sed-script-basedutilityforLffA;TU>?E1fXunderUnix.ABvailablefromsupport/texindex4*8YE%&Thereeareotherprogramscalledtexindex,jnotablyeonethat &comeswiththeTLe٠xinfodistribution(seequestion11)."Ƿ 70%UsingBib ?E1fXwithplainTU>?EX, either directlyorwithEplain(seequestion9).Seequestion20for moreinformationaboutBib32TU>?E1fXitself. 71%TypesettingmusicinTEXU Apowerfulpackagewhichallowsthetypesettingofpolyphonic and&4othermultiple-stav٠emusicisMusicTU>?E1fX,OwrittenbyDaniel T37aupin8](taupin@rsovax.lps.u-psud.fr).Itisavailable inmacros/musictex Intherecentpast,(Daniel(aswellaswithvariousother people,notably6hRossMitchellandAndreasEgler)hav٠ebeen wgorkingonadev٠elopmentofMusicTU>?E1fX,knownasMusiXTU>?E1fX. MusiXTU>?E1fXiisathree-passsystem(withaprocessorprogram thatȨcomputesvaluesfortheelementspacinginthemusic),and achiev٠esǎ nercontrolthanispossibleintheunmodi edTU>?E1fX- based>mechanismthatMusicTU>?E1fXuses.UkDanielT37aupinandAn- dreas'CEglerarepursuingdistinctv٠ersionsofMusiXTU>?E1fX;Dtheyare available, respectiv٠elyY,fromVmacros/musixtex/taupin andmacros/musixtex/eglerDigitalmusicfganscantypesetnotationfortheire ortsby usingܬmidi2tex,whichtranslatesMIDIܕdata lesintoMusicTU>?E1fX sourcecode.Itisavailablefromsupport/midi2texA3Prather3simplernotationthanMusicTU>?E1fXissupportedby abc2mtex;#nthisisapackagedesignedtonotatetunesstoredin an=ASCIIformat(abcnotation).SIItwgasdesignedprimarilyfor folkpandtraditionaltunesofW37esternEuropeanorigin(suchas Irish,EnglishqzandScottish)whichcanbewrittenononestav٠e instandardclassicalnotation.ϑHowev٠er,itshouldbeextendable toAman٠yothertypesofmusic._?Itisavailablefromsupport/ abc2mtexThere%isamailinglistfordiscussionoftypesettingmusicin TU>?E1fX.RT37osubscribe,sendmailtomutex-request@stolaf. educontainingthewgord`subscribe'inthebodyY."Ƿ 72%DrawingF3eynmandiagramsinLq,ATEXU MichaelLevine's8smacropackagefordra٠wingFeynmandiagrams invLffA;TU>?E1fXisavailableinmacros/latex209/contrib/ feynmanAnotherpossibilityisThorstenOhl's8smacros/latex/ contrib/supported/feynmf,nythat>wgorksincombination with,METAF9ONT+(orMETAPqOST).Thefe7ynmforfeynmppack- ageRreadsadescriptionofthediagramwritteninTU>?E1fX,[andwrites out5Ccode.METAF9ONT50(orMETAPqOST)50canthenproduceafont (or?E1fXrun.OF٠ornew users,whophav٠eaccesstoMETAPqOST,thePostScriptversion is-}probablythebetterroute,Xfordocumentportabilityandother reasons.424nBo][o]NHo$wdoIdoAڶ%ff ptmbi7tAXinTyQEgyXorL4ÍAFTyQEXY73Prȹoofen&vironmentItisnotpossibletomakgeaproofenvironmentwhichauto- matically!includesan`end-of-proof'symbol.+SomeproofsendinYdisplayedmaths;Fothersdonot.=Iftheinput lecontains...\]\end{proof}QthenLffA;TU>?E1fX nisheso thedisplayedmaths9andgetsreadyforanewlinebeforeitreadsan٠yinstruc-tions`connectedwithendingtheproof.=Buttraditionallytheend-of-proofsigngoesinthedisplayY,2notonanewline.CSoyoujusthav٠etoputitinbyhandineveryproof.#74Symbolsf3orthenumbersetsIty4isagoodideatohav٠ecommandssuchas\Ry2fortherealnum-bersmandotherstandardnumbersets.STgraditionallytheseweretypeset[inbold. LBecausemathematiciansusuallydonothav٠eac-cess-toboldchalk,the٠yinventedthespecialsymbolsthatarenowoftenOusedfor\R,\C,etc.JThesesymbolsareknownas\black-board7 bold".>Beforeinsistingonusingthem,dconsiderwhethergoing>backtotheoldsystemofordinaryboldmightnotbeac-ceptable(itiscertainlysimpler).A setofblackboardboldcapitalsisavailableintheAMSfontss \msam"(e٠.g.,u\msam10"s for10pt)and\msbm".GThefontshav٠elalargenumberofmathematicalsymbolstosupplementtheonesinthestandardTU>?E1fXdistribution.ϺThefontsareavailableinfonts/ams/amsfonts/sources/symbolsT37wgo@ leswhichloadthefontsandde nethesymbolsarepro٠vided,andbothwgorkwitheitherTU>?E1fXorLffA;TU>?EX.OQuestionsorsuggestions+%re٠g7ardingthesefontsshouldbedirectedtotech-support@math.ams.org.Anothercompletesetofblackboardboldfonts,PthebboldfgamilyY, ispavailableinMETAF9ONToܹ(infonts/bbold).Thissethastheinterestingpropertyofo eringblackboardboldformsof=lower-caseletters,UKsomethingratherrarelyseenonactualblackboards.The\lazyperson's8s"blackboardboldmacros:ˍ\newcommand{\R}{{\sfR\hspace*{-0.9ex}%\rule{0.15ex}{1.5ex}\hspace*{0.9ex}}}\newcommand{\N}{{\sfN\hspace*{-1.0ex}%\rule{0.15ex}{1.3ex}\hspace*{1.0ex}}}\newcommand{\Q}{{\sfQ\hspace*{-1.1ex}%\rule{0.15ex}{1.5ex}\hspace*{1.1ex}}}\newcommand{\C}{{\sfC\hspace*{-0.9ex}%\rule{0.15ex}{1.3ex}\hspace*{0.9ex}}}wgork.wellatnormalsizeifthesurroundingte٠xtiscmr10.How-ev٠er,WtheyMarenotpartofapropermathsfont,andsodonotwgorkinsub-andsuperscripts.cDMoreo٠ver, ]thesizeandpositionofthev٠erticalbarisa ectedbythefontofthesurroundingtext.#75RomantheorȹemsIf1youwganttotakeadvantageofthepowerful\newtheoremcommand\withouttheconstraintthatthecontentsofthetheoremisinaslopedfont(fore٠xample,touseittocreateremarks,e٠xam-ples,}4proofs,...)nthen|youcanusethestyle letheorem.sty4*8YE% (partA%ofmacros/latex/packages/tools).Alternativ٠elyY, thefollowingsetsupanenvironmentremarkwhosecontentis inroman.\newtheorem{preremark}{Remark}\newenvironment{remark}%%{\begin{preremark}\rm}{\end{preremark}}o ThispwillnotwgorkifyouareusingNFSS(seequestion106)out- sideofLffA;TU>?E1fX2"'(seequestion107),becausethecommand\rm behav٠esdi erentlythere.l 76%Labelsonlists If(youwgantyourtop-lev٠elenumeratestobelabelled`I/',:_`II/', ...,thengiv٠ethesecommands:\renewcommand{\theenumi}{\Roman{enumi}}\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\theenumi/}o The#Ipossiblestylesofnumberingaregiv٠eninSection6.3of Lamport's8sbook(seequestion17).3Ifyouarelazyandjustchange \labelenumi!ڹinonegothenyourcross-referenceswillbe wrong. %0F٠orTlowerlev٠elenumerates,)replaceenumibyenumii, enumiiiorenumiv,Raccordingtothelev٠el. Ifyourla- bel-ismuchlargerthanthedefgault,)wyoushouldalsochange \leftmargini,\leftmarginii,etc.Ifyou'rerunningLffA;TU>?E1fX2"%W,?E1fXmanual.F٠orexample:%\setcounter{secnumdepth}{-1}%\chapter{Preface}o Of(course,youhav٠etosetsecnumdepthbacktoitsusual value(whichis2inthestandardstyles)beforeyoudoan٠y`sec- tion'whichyouwganttobenumbered.Similar9settingsaremadeautomaticallyintheLffA;TU>?E1fXbook classbythe\frontmatterand\backmattercommands.Thisiswh7yitwgorks.\chapterwithoutthestardoesoy1.&putsomethinginthe.toc le;y2.&ifsecnumdepthGZ gK`y cmr100,Oincreasethecounterforthechap-&terandwriteitout.y3.&writethechaptertitle.o Othersectioningcommandsaresimilar,5|butwithothervalues usedinthetest.425˷nBo][o]78F3ootnotesintablesw`TheMstandardLffA;TU>?E1fX\footnotecommanddoesn'twgorkinta- bles; thetabletrapsthefootnotesandthe٠ycan'tescapetothebottomofthepage. `Ifpyourtableis oating,yourbestbetis(unfortu-nately)toputthetableinaminipageenvironmentandtoqputthenotesunderneaththetable,n$ortouseDonaldArseneau's8sdpackagemacros/latex209/contrib/misc/threeparttable.styOtherwise,0Zifpyourtableisnot oating(it's8sjusta`tabular'inthemiddleofsomete٠xt),thereareseveralthingsyoucandoto xtheproblem.!1.Use(\footnotemarktopositionthelittlemarkgerappro-priatelyY,andthenputin\footnotetextcommandsto lllinthete٠xtonceyou'veclosedthetabularenvironment.This5isdescribedinLamport's8sbook,bbutitgetsmessyifthere's8smorethanonefootnote.2.Stickdthetableinaminipagean٠ywgayY.Thisprovidesalltheuglinessoffootnotesinaminipagewithnoe٠xtrae ort.3.Use*<~macros/latex209/contrib/misc/threeparttable.sty5dan٠ywgay;thepackageisin-tended0for oatingtables,?E1fXtoolsdistributionmL(macros/latex/packages/tools);the٠y'recnoticeablylessecientthanthestandardtabularenvironment,butthe٠ydoallowfootnotes.5.Grab#holdoffootnote.styfromCT)AN, :lurk-ing inmacros/latex/contrib/supported/mdwtools Then Xputyourtabularenvironmentinsideasavenotes environment.`Alternativ٠elyY,H[say\makesavenoteenv{tabular}͹inthepreambleofyourdocument,$andtableswillallhandlefootnotescor-rectlyY.6.Use)mdwtab.styfromthesamedirectory(macros/latex/contrib/supported/mdwtools). ThisQwillhandlefootnotesproperlyY,^andhasotherfgacili-ties"toincreasethebeautyofyourtables.Itmayalsocauseother5Ytable-relatedpackages(notthestandard`tools'ones,though)tobecomev٠eryunhappgyandstopworking.֍79Styleofsectionheadingsw`Suppose6thattheeditorofyourfgavourite6journalhasspeci edthatHsectionheadingsmustbecentred,Sinsmallcapitals,andsub-sectionZ headingsraggedrightinitalic,abutthatyoudon'twganttoget"involv٠edinthesortofprogrammingdescribedinTheL[AHTU>4xE1fXCompanion (seequestion17; theprogrammingitselfisdiscussedin0#question97).*Thefollowinghackwillprobablysatisfyyoureditors8.De neyourselfnewcommands4*8YE%\newcommand{\ssection}[1]{% +\section[#1]{\centering\sc#1}}\newcommand{\ssubsection}[1]{%+\subsection[#1]{\raggedright\it#1}} andDthenuse\ssectionand\ssubsectioninplaceof \section5and\subsection.;Thisisn'tperfect:section numbersiremaininbold,,andstarredformsneedaseparatere- de nition.Also,sthisM)willnotwgorkifyouareusingNFSS(see question106)outsideofLffA;TU>?E1fX2")ӗ(seequestion107),?E1fX-implementsastylethatdoesn'tindentthe rstparagraph afterNasectionheading.|Therearecoherentreasonsforthis, butnotev٠eryonelikgesit.Thepackageindentfirst.sty (partPvofmacros/latex/packages/tools)suppressesthe mechanism,sothatthe rstparagraphisindented. 81%F3ootnotesinLq,ATEXsectionheadings Theb\footnotecommandisfragile,P9sothatsimplyplacing theCcommandin\section's8sargumentsisn'tsatisfgactoryY.+aUs- ingG\protect\footnoteisn'tagoodideaeither:&theargu- mentsofasectioncommandareusedinthetableofcontents and&(moredangerously)potentiallyalsoinpageheadings. qUn- fortunatelyY,^there's8sVnomechanismtosuppressthefootnoteinthe headingXwhileallowingitinthetableofcontents,thoughhav- ing Wfootnotesinthetableofcontentsisprobablyunsatisfgactory an٠ywgayY. 05T37osuppressthefootnoteinheadingsandtableofcontents:&T37akgeadvantageofthefactthatthemandatoryargu-&ment]cdoesn't`mo٠ve']ciftheoptionalargumentispresent:&\section[title]{title\footnote{titlefootnote}}ԍ&Use;Ythe(small)packagemacros/latex/contrib/&other/misc/stblftnt.sty,ewhich$makges&\footnote/automagicallydisappearinamo٠vingar-&gument. 82%ChangingthemarIginsinLq,ATEX Don'tPdoit.iLearnsomeLffA;TU>?E1fX,producesomedocuments,and thenaskag7ain. 05Ygoucannev٠erchangethemarGginsofadocumentbysoft- wgare,becausethe٠ydependontheactualsizeofthepapers8.a^What youocanchangearethedistancesfromtheapparenttopandleft edgesofthepaper,andthewidthandheightofthete٠xt.Chang- ingTthelasttwgorequiresmoreskillthanyoumighte٠xpect.UThe height'shouldbearacertainrelationshipto\baselineskip. AndMthewidthshouldnotbemorethan75characters.Lamport's8s wgarningisinhissectionon`CustomizingtheStyle'reallymustbe takgen{seriouslyY.One-inchmarginsonA4paperare nefor10- or12-pitchtypewriters,ذbutnotfor10pttype(orev٠en11ptor 12pt)Wbecausesoman٠ycharactersperlinewillirritatethereaders8. Howev٠ers8...426٠nBo][o]Perhapstheeasiestwgaytogetmoreoutofapage in&dLffA;TU>?E1fXistogetmacros/latex209/contrib/misc/fullpage.sty,7whichhsetsthemarginsofthepageidenticaltoxthoseofplainTU>?E1fX,i.e٠.,1-inchxmarginsatallfoursidesofthepapers8.ItalsocontainsanadjustmentforA4paper.Somewhat/more e٠xibleismacros/latex/contrib/other/misc/vmargin.sty,[whichIhasacannedsetofpa-persizes(asupersetofthatpro٠videdinLffA;TU>?E1fX2"%),provisionforcustomzLpaper,marginadjustmentsandpro٠visionfortwgo-sidedprinting.F٠orBdetailsofLffA;TU>?E1fX's8spageparameters,>RseesectionC.5.3ofthezLffA;TU>?E1fXmanual(pp.181{182).TheorigininDVIcoordinatesisoneinchfromthetopofthepaperandoneinchfromtheleftside;positiv٠eeChorizontalmeasurementsextendrightacrossthepage,andWpositiv٠everticalmeasurementsextenddownthepage. 2Thus,forg(marginsclosertotheleftandtopedgesofthepagethan1inch,"thecorrespondingparameters,i.e.,\evensidemargin,\oddsidemargin,pe\topmargin,canl~besettone٠g7ativel~val-ues.Ygou$cannotsimplychangethemarginsofpartofadocument6withinthedocumentbymodifyingtheparame-ters?showninLamport's8s gureC.3. VThe٠yshouldonlybechangedinthepreambleofthedocument,Ii.e.,beforethe\begin{document}ҹstatement.: T37oadjustthemarginswithinadocumentwede neanenvironment:]\newenvironment{changemargin}[2]{%\begin{list}{}{%\setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%\setlength{\leftmargin}{#1}%\setlength{\rightmargin}{#2}%\setlength{\listparindent}{\parindent}%\setlength{\itemindent}{\parindent}%\setlength{\parsep}{\parskip}%}%\item[]}{\end{list}}This4=environmenttakgestwoarguments,Kandwillindenttheleftandrightmarginsbytheirvalues,_*respectiv٠elyY. dfNeg-ativ٠evalueswillcausethemarginstobenarrowed,%so\begin{changemargin}{-1cm}{-1cm}lnarrowstheleftandrightmarginsby1cm.(ҍ83Findingthewidthofaletterf,wIord,orphrasePutathewgordinabox,Xandmeasurethewidthofthebox.F٠ore٠xample,\newdimen\stringwidth\setbox0=\hbox{hi}\stringwidth=\wd0Notenthatifthequantityinthe\hboxisaphrase,theactualmeasurement}onlyapproximatesthewidththatthephrasewilloccupgyQuinrunningte٠xt,Zsincetheinter-wordgluecanbeadjustedinparagraphmode.Thesamesortofthingise٠xpressedinLffA;TU>?E1fXby:\newlength{\gnat}\settowidth{\gnat}{\textbf{small}}4?ТY/^ Thissetsthevalueofthelengthcommand\gnattothewidth of\small"inbold-fgacete٠xt.&C% 84%ExcludingblocksoftextfrȹomtheDVI leF Rainer0SchĞ3opf's8sverbatim.stypro٠videsacommentenviron- ment]whiche٠xcludeseverythingbetween\begin{comment} and'\end{comment}. Thispackageisavailableaspartof macros/latex/packages/tools AmoregeneralenvironmentfordoingthejobisVfgictorEi- jkhout's8scomment.sty,Y{whichletsyoude neenvironments forinclusionore٠xclusioninadocument,Pthuso eringaprimi- tiv٠econ gurationstructure. ItisavailablefromtheCT)ANsites inmacros/latex209/contrib/misc/comment.sty 85%De ninganewlog-likIefunctioninLq,ATEXF Usethe\mathopcommand,asin:M\newcommand{\diag}{\mathop{\rmdiag}}ASubscriptsBandsuperscriptson\diagwillbeplacede٠xactly asmthe٠yareon\lim.Ifyouwgantyoursubscriptsandsuper- scriptsalgwaysplacedtotheright,do: \newcommand{\diag}{\mathop{\rmdiag}\nolimits}AThis&wgorksinLffA;TU>?E1fX2.09andinLffATU>?E1fX2"(),butnotun- derNFSSalone(seequestion93). :Howev٠er,thecanon- ical$methodfordoingthisinLffA;TU>?E1fX2"2istousethe the2\DeclareMathOperatorcommandofamsopn.sty (whichYispartoftheAU>?M S-LffA;TU>?E1fXpackage:Sfonts/ams/ amslatex). (It(ishouldbenotedthat\log-likge"wasreportedlyajokeon Lamport's8spart;itisofcourseclearwhatwgasmeant.)&C% 86%TypesettingallthoseTEX-rȹelatedlogosF Knuthwgasmakingaparticularpointaboutthecapabilitiesof TU>?E1fXwhenhede nedthelogo.UnfortunatelyY,man٠ybelieve,he thereby gopened oodg7atestogiv٠ethewgorldlogossuchasAU>?M S- TU>?E1fX,PП?IaJCfTU>?EX,Bib32TU>?EX,andsoon.]Lamportinv٠entedLffA;TU>?E1fX,and markgetinginputledtothecurrentlogoLffA;TU>?E1fX2"$.Thecommonpeopledon'thav٠etofollowthisstu wher- ev٠erEitgoes,Vbut,forEthosewhoinsist,Valargecollectionoflogos iskLde nedinmacros/eplain/texnames.sty;r3theMETA- F9ONTGlogoGcanbesetinfontsthatLffA;TU>?E1fX2"&Yknowsabout(sothat itw#scaleswiththesurroundingte٠xt)usingthepackagemacros/ latex/contrib/supported/mflogoF٠orthosewhodon'twishtoacquirethe`proper'logos,E>the canonical9thingtodoistosayAMS-\TeX{}(AMS-TU>?E1fX)for AU>?M S-TU>?E1fX,Pic\TeX{}{&(PicTU>?EX)forPП?IaJCfTU>?EX,Bib\TeX{} (BibTU>?E1fX)forBib32TU>?EX,andsoon.427nBo][o]OaThingsareGoingWrong.(..Y87W8YeirdhyphenationofwIordsYgou~mayhav٠eaversionmismatchproblem. TU>?E1fX's8sh7yphen- ationsystemchangedbetweenv٠ersion2.9and3.0. K>IfyouareF-using(plain)TU>?E1fXv٠ersion3.0orlater,makgesureyourplain.tex lehasav٠ersionnumberwhichisatleast3.0.IfyouareusingLffA;TU>?E1fX2.09youshouldconsiderupgradingtoLffA;TU>?E1fX2"@;if,^forsomereasonyoucan't,tthelastv٠ersionofLffA;TU>?E1fX2.09, yreleasedbon25March1992,isavailable(forthetimebeingatleast)frommacros/latex209/distribs/latex/generalandoughttosolv٠ethisproblem.Ifqyou'reusingLffA;TU>?E1fX2"%,wtheproblemprobablyarisesfromyourlhyphen.cfg le,Gwhichhastobecreatedifyou'reusingamulti-lingualv٠ersion.F٠or thecurious,here's8swhathappened:ZbeforeTU>?E1fX3.0theHh7yphenationalgorithmwgouldnotbreakawordifthepartbefore8thebreakwgasnotatleasttwocharacterslong,andtheWspartafterthebreakatleastthreecharacterslong.Start-ingEwithv٠ersion3.0theparameters\lefthyphenminand\righthyphenmin\controlthelengthofthesefragments.Thesearesetto2and3,respectiv٠elyY,inthenewplainandlplainformats.?The٠ycanbesettoanyvalue,ofcourse,butif\lefthyphenmin+\righthyphenmin?Ϲisgreaterthan62,allh7yphenationissuppressed.Afurthersourceofodditycanderiv٠efromthe1995releaseof8theDCfonts(seequestion31), -whichintroducedanalternativ٠eh7yphenXcharacters8. CTheLffA;TU>?E1fX2"&con guration lesinthefontre-leaseqspeci eduseofthealternativ٠eh7yphen,andthiscouldpro-ducekodde ectswithwgordscontainingane٠xplicith7yphen.Thefont#con guration lesintheDecember1995releaseofLffA;TU>?E1fX2"do4notcusethealternativ٠eh7yphencharacter,b2thusremovingthissourceofproblems.88(Merȹely)peculiarhyphenationYgoumayhav٠efoundthatTU>?E1fX's8sfgamedautomaticword-divisiondoesLnotproducethebreak-pointsrecommendedbyyourdic-tionaryY.ThiswmaybebecauseTU>?E1fXissetupforAmericanEn-glish,CwhoseKjrulesforwgorddivision(asspeci ed,fore٠xam-ple,|xinIW37ebster's8sDictionary)arecompletelydi erentfromtheBritishYones(asspeci ed,ofore٠xample,intheOxfordDictionar-ies).]ThisproblemisbeingaddressedbytheUKTU>?E1fXUsercom-munityǩ(seeBaskgerville,issue4.4)butanentirelysatisfactorysolutionЂwilltakgetime. Aninterimh7yphenation leisavailableinlanguage/english/ukhyph.tex89AccentedwIordsarȹen'thyphenatedTU>?E1fX's8s algorithmforh7yphenationgiv٠esupwhenitencountersanZ\accentcommand;5therearegoodreasonsforthis,butitmeansthatqualitytypesettinginnon-Englishlanguagescanbedicult.F٠or1TU>?E1fXitself,avoiding1thise ectmeansusingCork-encodedfonts(seequestion31)whichcontainaccentedlettersassingleglyphs.Inthefuture,6perhaps,Ome٠g7a(seequestion109)willpro٠videaratherdi erentsolution.4*8YE% 90%EnlarIgingTEX՛ PeopleBsometimesgetmessagessaying`memorycapacitye٠x- ceeded'.֏Mostofthetimethiserrorcanbe x٠edwithout en- larging`TU>?E1fX.QThemostcommoncausesareunmatchedbraces, e٠xtra-longQlines,Zandpoorly-writtenmacros. #Extra-longlinesare oftenH^introducedwhen lesaretransferredincorrectlybetween operatingOsystems,wandline-endingsarenotpreserv٠edproperly (thestell-talesignofane٠xtra-longlineerroristhecomplaintthat the`buf_size'haso٠ver owed). IfEyoureallyneedtoe٠xtendyourTU>?E1fX's8scapacityY,Vtheproper methoddependsonyourinstallation.jInthepurestform,you change-theparametersinmodule11oftheWEBsource.Inless pureYforms,oyoumightneedtomodifyachange le,orperhaps change& someenvironmentvariables;DemTU>?E1fXallowsyoutoadjust the>memoryallocationcriteriaonthecommandline.Consultthe documentationthatcamewithyourimplementation.Û 91%MoIvingtablesand gurȹesinLq,ATEX T37ablesand gureshav٠eatendencytosurprise,_by oatingawgay fromAwherethe٠ywerespeci edtoappears8./\Thisisinfgactper- fectlyordinarydocumentdesign;an٠yprofessionaltypesetting packageawill oat guresandtablestowherethe٠y'gll twith- out violatingthecertaintypographicrules.Ev٠enifyouusethe placementPspeci erhfor`here',the gureortablewillnotbe printed`here'ifdoingsowgouldbreaktherules;ttherulesthem- selv٠esiareprettysimple,andaregivenonpage198,sectionC.9 oftheLffA;TU>?E1fXmanual. Inthewgorstcase,LffATU>?E1fX's8srulescancause thee oatingitemstopileuptothee٠xtentthatyougetanerror messagesaying\T37ooman٠yunprocessed oats";thismeansthat the]limitedsetofre٠gistersinwhichLffA;TU>?E1fXstores oatingitemsis full.UWhatPfollowsisasimplechecklistofthingstodotosolv٠e these4problems(thechecklisttalksthroughoutabout gures,but appliesequallywelltotables).W&Are5theplacementparametersonyour guresright?y6The&defgault(tbp)isreasonable;youshouldnev٠ersimplysay&`h',%fore٠xample,sincethatsays\ifitcan'tgohere,itcan't&goan٠ywhere",^andasaresultallsubsequent oatspileup&behindit.Ht&CanhSyouperhapsprev٠entyour guresfrom oatingbyad-&justingm#LffA;TU>?E1fX's8splacementparameters?NAg7ain,pthedefgaults&areoreasonable,butcanbeo٠verriddenoincaseofprob-&lems. AThe׎parametersaredescribedonpages199{200,§ionC.9oftheLffA;TU>?E1fXmanual.&Arethereplacesinyourdocumentwhereyoucould&`naturally'puta\clearpagecommand? pIfso,$=do:&thetbacklogof oatsisclearedaftera\clearpage.&(Notethatthe\chaptercommandimplicitlye٠xecutes&\clearpage,soPyoucan't oatpasttheendofachap-&ters8.)&Hav٠eYalookattheLffA;TU>?E1fX2"&afterpagepackage(partof¯os/latex/packages/tools).Itsfdocumenta-&tion Ngiv٠esasanexampletheideaofputting\clearpage428nBo][o]afterQthercurrentpage(whereitwillclearthebacklog,but not%Gcauseanuglyg7apinyourte٠xt),7lbutalsoadmitsthatthepackageissomewhatfragile(thoughit's8simpro٠ving).;6Asdalastresort,|trythepackagemacros/latex209/contrib/misc/morefloats.sty;Gthis/`simply'in-creases thenumberof oatinginsertsthatLffA;TU>?E1fXcanhan-dleatonetime(from18to36),&Ybutthatmaysuityourneeds.IfyouactuallywantedVallyour guresto oattotheend(e٠.g.,{forzdsubmittingadraftcopgyofapaper),don'trelyonLffA;TU>?E1fX's8s{mechanism:getthepackagemacros/latex/contrib/supported/endfloatDtodothejobforyou.h92\pagestyle{empty}ףon rstpageinLq,ATEXIfW?youuse\pagestyle{empty},butthe rstpageisnum-bered#an٠ywgayY,5kyouareprobablyusingthe\maketitlecom-mandDtoo. jcThisisnotabugbutafeature! jcThestandardLffA;TU>?E1fX7stylesarewrittensothatinitialpages(pagescontaininga\maketitle,`\part,or\chapter)hav٠eadi erentpagestyleddfromtherestofthedocument;mHence,ithecommandsinter-nallyR+issue\thispagestyle{plain}.Thisisusuallynotacceptablebehaviourifthesurroundingpagestyleis`empty'. ΍Possiblewgorkaroundsinclude:,iPut\thispagestyle{empty}immediatelyafterthe\maketitle$command,3withnoblanklinebetweenthem.Usefancyheadings.sty,Bwhichallowsyoutocus-tomisethestyleforinitialpagesindependentlyofthatforYbodypages. Itisavailableinmacros/latex/contrib/other/fancyheadingsUse !Hnopageno.sty, ɗwhichsuppressesthisbe-haviours8.Itisavailableinmacros/latex/contrib/supported/carlisle/nopageno.styh93Oddbeha3viourof\rm,\bf,etc.IfKcommandssuchas\rmand\bfhav٠esuddenlystoppedwgork-ingrinLffA;TU>?E1fXinthewgaythatyoue٠xpect,uWitislikelythatyoursys-temadministratorhasinstalledav٠ersionofLffA;TU>?E1fX2.09withNFSS(seėquestion106)..Complainloudly;askyoursystemadminis-tratorhtoreplacethisv٠ersionwithLffA;TU>?E1fX2"'o(seequestion107),m_inwhich]commandssuchas\rmand\bfwgorkjustasbeforeifyouareusingoneofthestandardclasses|article,reportandYbook(amongothers).wInthemeantime,qusetheoptionoldlfont.sty,}which|Sshouldhav٠ebeeninstalledatthesametimeasNFSS.94OldLq,ATEXf3ontrȹeferencessuchas\tenrmLffA;TU>?E1fX2.09de nedalargesetofcommandsforaccesstothefontsthatithadbuiltintoitself.zF٠orexample,0various avoursofcmrcouldbefoundas\fivrm,\sixrm,\sevrm,\egtrm,4*8YE% \ninrm,\tenrm,\elvrm,\twlrm,\frtnrm,\svtnrm, \twtyrm9and\twfvrm.FThesecommandswerenev٠erdocu- mented,[butcertainpackagesnev٠erthelessusedthemtoachiev٠e e ectsthe٠yneeded. 0Sinceothecommandsweren'tpublic,the٠yweren'tincluded inQLffA;TU>?E1fX2"%";toQusetheunconv٠ertedLffA;TU>?E1fX2.09packagesunder LffA;TU>?E1fX2"09,youneedalsotoincludethepackagerawfonts.sty (whichispartoftheLffA;TU>?E1fX2"'@distribution).% 95%Missingsymbols If0somesymbols,.suchas\Boxand\lhd,nolongerap- pearVtoe٠xist,Jjthenyoursystemadministratorhasprobably upgradedyourv٠ersionofLffA;TU>?E1fXtoeitherNFSS(seeques- tionv106)orLffA;TU>?E1fX2")(seequestion107).4Intheformercase, use?E1fX2"("edistribution, orthepackageamsfonts,ifitisavailable. 96%Lq,ATEXgetscrȹoss-referenceswrong Sometimes,dhowev٠er.manytimesyourunLffA;TU>?E1fX,dthecross- references\arejustwrong.Rememberthatthe\labelcom- mand mustcomeafterDthe\captioncommand,,orbepartof it.F٠orexample,Hhd \begin{figure}No\begin{figure} \caption{AFigure}orNo\caption{AFigure% \label{fig}No\label{fig}} \end{figure}No\end{figure}6J 97%\@and@inmacrȹonames ABcommonLsourceofproblemsinaLffA;TU>?E1fXdocumentisthediag- nosticbabouttheappearanceofthecommand\@,{oraboutother commandscontainingthecharacter@.&Themostcommoncom- plaintVis\Ygoucan'tuse`\spacefactor'inv٠erticalmode", butothersoccurs8. 0Such7problemsareusuallycausedbyincludingaLffA;TU>?E1fX2" classzorpackage leintoaLffA;TU>?E1fXdocumentbysomemeans othergZthan\documentclassor\usepackage.ϦLffA;TU>?E1fXde- nes:internalcommandswhosenamescontainthecharacter@; thisenablesittoavoidclashesbetweenitsinternalnamesand names0dthatwewgouldnormallyuseinourdocuments.*Inorder thatzthesecommandsmaywgorkatall,Й\documentclassand \usepackage/playaroundwiththemeaningof@.I$Solv٠ethis problembyusingthecorrectcommandtoincludethe le.But,youwillsayY,\TheL[AHTU>4xE1fXCompaniontellsmetousecom- mandscontaining@!"Indeed; ?E1fX,yforuseintypeset-tingpapersformathematicaljournals.;The٠yweredesignedusingthes `old'METAF9ONT,whichwgasn'tportableandisnolongeravailable;for .alongtimethe٠ywereonlyavailablein300dpiv٠ersionsJwhichonlyimperfectlymatchedmodernprinters.|wTheAMSɹhasnowredesignedthefonts,zusingthecurrentv٠ersionofMETAF9ONT,ˢandthenewv٠ersionsarecalledthemsaandmsbfgamilies;?the٠yareavailablefromfonts/ams/amsfonts/sources/symbols BINev٠ertheless,*ymsx.andmsycontinuetoturnuptoplagueus.JThereeare,~ofcourse,stillsitesthathav٠en'tgotaroundtoup-grading;Ebut,ev٠enifev٠eryoneupgraded,therewgouldstillbetheproblemofolddocumentsthatspecifythem.Ifyouhav٠ea.texsourcethatrequestsmsxandmsy,?E1fXdiagnostic\W37arning{you'v٠eexceeded1000,theglobal-string-size,~forpfentryfoo"isnotonethatyoucanhopetoavoidbyalteringtheBib32TU>?E1fXstyleinasimplewgay|Bib32TU>?E1fXitselfneedsrecompilingtoincreaseitslimitonstringsizes (whichisoftennotpractical,andisnev٠erdesirable).Ygou4*8Ѝ}/s mustthereforeaddresstheproblembychangingyourbibliogra- ph7ydatabase. ITheproblemusuallyarisesfromav٠erylargeabstractoran- notationmincludedinthedatabase.Theonlywgayforwardisto takgemtheentryoutofthedatabase,2sothatyoudon'tencounter Bib32TU>?E1fX's8slimit,butyoumayneedtoretaintheentrybecauseit willbeincludedinthetypesetdocument.%Insuchcases,putthe bodyoftheentryinaseparate le:%@article{long.boring,%author="FredVerbose",%...%abstract= "{\input{abstracts/long.tex}}"}܍ InLthiswgayY,$youarrangethatallBib32TU>?E1fXhastodealwithisthe le name,-thoughitwilltellTU>?E1fX(whenappropriate)toinclude allthelongte٠xt.%X P%,WhȽydoesitAdothat?o 101+Whydoesitignorȹeparagraphparameters?Ս WhencTU>?E1fXislayingoutte٠xt,iZitdoesn'twgorkfromwordtoword, orfromlinetoline;?thesmallestcompleteunititformatsisthe paragraph.gTheparagraphislaiddowninabu er,asitappears, andisn'ttouchedfurtheruntiltheend-paragraphmarkgerispro- cessed.It's8satthispointthattheparagraphparametershav٠eef- fect;Vand9it's8sbecauseofthissequencethatoneoftenmakgesmis- takges#thatleadtotheparagraphparametersnotdoingwhatone wgouldhav٠ehoped(orexpected).ConsiderthefollowingsequenceofLffA;TU>?E1fX:%{\raggedright%declarationforraggedtextHere'stexttoberangedleftinouroutput,butit'stheonlysuchparagraph,sowenowendthegroup.}Here'smorethatneedn'tberagged...܍ TU>?E1fXwillopenagroup,Xandsettheragged-settingparameters withinNthatgroup;5itwillthensav٠eacoupleofsentencesof te٠xtGandclosethegroup(thusrestoringthepreviousvalueof theragged-settingparameters).$Thenitencountersablankline, whichitknowstotreatasa\partokgen,9soittypesetsthetwo sentences;Ubut@sbecausetheenclosinggrouphasnowbeenclosed, the˥parametersettingshav٠ebeenlost,ގandtheparagraphwillbe typesetnormallyY.Thesolutionissimple:closetheparagraphinsidethegroup, sokthatthesettingparametersremaininplace.Anappropriate wgayofdoingthatistoreplacethelastthreelinesabo٠vewith:%endthegroup.\par}Here'smorethatneedn'tberagged...ff΃ 荍 h-:9fhThe&fontsacquiredtheirlabel`\,Almost'followingtherealisationthattheir rstimplementationinElogo8EMETZAFONT79stillwasn'&tquiteright;9 Knuth'`soriginalintention hadbeenthattheMywerethe nalanswer430XnBo][o]InthiswgayY,theparagraphiscompletedwhilethesettingparam- etersarestillinforcewithintheenclosinggroup. AnotherMalternativ٠eistode neanenvironmentthatdoestheappropriate?jobforyou.XqF٠ortheaboveexample,oLffA;TU>?E1fXalreadyde nesanappropriateone:/荑\begin{flushleft}Here'stexttoberangedleft...\end{flushleft}ۍ102What'Vstherȹeasonf3or`protection'?ֿSometimes"dLffA;TU>?E1fXsav٠esdataitwillrereadlaters8.Thesedataareoften Gtheargumentofsomecommand;the٠yaretheso-calledmo٠vingarguments.(`Moving'becausedataaremovedaround.)PlacesHtolookforareallargumentsthatmaygointotableofcontents,olistof gures,etc.;-SnamelyY,datathatarewrittentoanauxiliary& leandreadinlaters8. Otherplacesarethosedatathatmight^appearinhead-orfootlines.Sectionheadersand gurecaptions|arethemostprominente٠xamples;Qthere's8sacompletelistinLamport's8sbook(seequestion17).What's8s$goingonreallyY,Mbehindthescenes?Thecommandsin+0themo٠vingargumentsarealreadyexpandedtotheirinter-nal|structureduringtheprocessofsaving. Sometimesthise٠xpansionX}resultsininvalidTU>?E1fXcodewhenprocessedag7ain.\\protect\cmd"tellsLffA;TU>?E1fXtosav٠e\cmdas\cmd,withoute٠xpansion.WhatUisa`fragilecommand'?vIt's8sacommandthate٠xpandsintoille٠g7alTU>?E1fXcodeduringthesaveprocess.Whatisa`robustcommand'?VIt's8sacommandthate٠xpandsintole٠g7alTU>?E1fXcodeduringthesaveprocess.No-one~(ofcourse)likgesthissituation;>theLffA;TU>?E1fX3teamhav٠eremo٠ved(&theneedforprotectionofsomethingsintheproductionofLffA;TU>?E1fX2"%7ι,butthetechniquesavailabletothemwithincurrentLffA;TU>?E1fXmeanthatthisisane٠xpensiveexercise.^9Itremainsalong-termaimoftheteamtoremo٠veallneedforthesethings.ۍ103Whydoesn't\verbwIorkwithin...?ֿTheLffA;TU>?E1fXv٠erbatimcommandswgorkbychangingcategorycodes.A4Knuthsaysofthissortofthing\SomecareisneededtogetOthetimingright...",G"sinceOoncethecate٠gorycodehasbeenassignedotoacharacter,Kitdoesn'tchange.So\verbhastoas-sumethatitisgettingthe rstlookatitsparameterte٠xt;5ifitisn't,TU>?E1fXdhasalreadyassignedcate٠gorycodessothat\verbdoesn'thav٠eachance.Forexample:/荑\verb+\error+#willwgork(typesetting`\error'),but\newcommand{\unbrace}[1]{#1} \unbrace{\verb+\error+}willnot(itwillattempttoe٠xecute\error). This?E1fXbookinsiststhatv٠erbatimcommandsmust~notappearintheargumentofan٠yothercommand;V=theyaren'tRjustfragile,the٠y'requiteunusableinanycommandpa-rameter,re٠g7ardlessof\protection(seequestion102).4*8YE% 104+Case-changingodditiesNv TU>?E1fX,%pro٠videstwgoprimitivecommands\uppercaseand \lowercase+3tochangethecaseofte٠xt;Gwthey're+3notmuchused, butarecapablecreatingconfusion. JTheU#twgocommandsdonote٠xpandthetextthatistheirpa- rameter*|theresultof\uppercase{abc}is`ABC',but \uppercase{\abc}IԹisalgwaysI`\abc',|Iwhatev٠erthemean- ingof\abc.Thecommandsaresimplyinterpretingatable ofequivalencesbetweenupper-andlowercasecharacters.gThe٠y hav٠e(forexample)nomathematicalsense,and+\uppercase{About$y=f(x)$} willproduceABOUT$Y=F(X)$ whichisprobablynotwhatiswganted. JIn0addition,\uppercaseand\lowercasedonot dealdv٠erywellwithnon-Americancharacters,forexample \uppercase{\ae}isthesameas\ae.LffA;TU>?E1fX pro٠videscommands\MakeUppercaseand \MakeLowercaseBzwhich x٠esthelatterproblem.Thesecom- mandsareusedinthestandardclassestoproduceuppercase runningheadsforchaptersandsections.Unfortunatelyh\MakeUppercaseand\MakeLowercase donotsolv٠etheotherproblemswith\uppercase,*xsofor e٠xampleUasectiontitlecontaining\begin{tabular}... \end{tabular}Xwillproducearunningheadcontaining \begin{TABULAR}.`TheCsimplestsolutiontothisproblem isusingauser-de nedcommand,fore٠xample:+\newcommand{\mytable}{\begin{tabular}...1\end{tabular}}\section{Asectiontitle\protect\mytable{}7withatable} Notepthat\mytablehastobeprotected,8otherwiseitwillbe e٠xpandedandmadeuppercase.?E1fXwrittenbyFrankMittelbachandRainerSchĞ3opf.J[ItisdescribedinTUGboat10(2).Intraditionaltypesetting,Sfontsqaredescribedbyfourparameters:Qthefamily(e٠.g.,hcomputerbmodern),theseries(i.e.,theweightandwidthoftheUfont,Isuchaslightorbold),theshape(e٠.g.,italic),andthesize.NFSSRisamechanismallowingtheusertochangean٠yofthese/7independentlyY.'=NFSSmakgesitrelativ٠elyeasytousenon-standardofontssuchasthePostScriptoneswithLffA;TU>?E1fX, andeasytoQchangemathsfonts. %Italsoallowsdynamicloadingoffontsatruntime(i.e.,notwhentheformat leiscreated).WithCthedemiseofLffA;TU>?E1fX2.09assupportedsoftwgare,thela-belO`NFSS'hasbecomesomewhatmisleading,Yasthere's8sno`old'schemewithwhichtocontrastit|LffA;TU>?E1fXhasincorporatedtheNFSS. 107Lq,ATEX2".z(thenewstandardLq,ATEX)@LffA;TU>?E1fX2"nisIkanewv٠ersionoftheLffA;TU>?E1fXpackage,TUpreparedandsupportedqBbytheLffA;TU>?E1fX3projectteam.^Itmo٠vedqBoutofitstestphase4CinJune1994,aSandisnowthestandardLffA;TU>?E1fX;dLffATU>?EX4C2.09isAnolongersupported.^`Newv٠ersionsarereleasedat(approxi-mately)v6-monthlyintervals;91thisdoesnot)meanthefunctional-ityisunstable,merelythattheimplementationissteadilybeingre ned.LffA;TU>?E1fX2"CKisHupwgardlycompatiblewithLffA;TU>?E1fX2.09,dbuthasnew~features.?Inthelatest(December1995)release,ϝthesein-clude:NFSS(seequestion106)ispartofthedistribution.],SYL38[iTU>?E1fXisnowmerelyadi erentdocumentclass,Gusothatthereisnolongeraneedforaseparateformat.Bettercontrolof oatingenvironments,suchas gures.Thereiisadocumentedinterfgaceforpackageandclasswriters(thoughnotyetfordesigners).Theboxcommandshav٠ebeenenhanced,withe.g.,optionstospecifytheheightofaminipage.Sev٠eral standardcommandsarenolongerfragile(seequestion102);wthe٠ycanthereforebeincludedinthear-gument=ofcommandssuchas\captionwithoutbeingprotected.\newcommand0cande necommandswithoneoptionalargument;suchcommandsareautomaticallyrobust.4*8YE%&There"isnowastandardpackageforcolourandgraphics &inclusion. M 108+TheLq,ATEX3prȹoject#덑 TheLffA;TU>?E1fX3projectteamisasmallgroupofvolunteerswhose aim istoproduceamajornewdocumentprocessingsystem basedЛontheprinciplespioneeredbyLeslieLamportinthecur- rent2LffA;TU>?E1fX..Itwillremainfreelyavailableanditwillbefully documentedatalllev٠els. UThe2LffA;TU>?E1fX3teamhasalreadydeliv٠eredits rstproduct, LffA;TU>?E1fX2"4(seeܧquestion107),3amacropackagebasedonLam- port's8sYoriginalcode,a?butmodi edtobemorereadilysupportable thanwgasLamport's8s. 109+TheOmegaprȹoject#덑 Ome٠g7a( )isaprogrambuiltontopofTU>?E1fXwhichwgorksin- ternallywith16-bitcharacters(Unicode);&thisallowsittowgork withPmostscriptsinthewgorldwithoutan٠ycomplicationsofcod- ingDschemes.eOme٠g7aalsohasapowerfulconceptofinputand output0 lterstoallowtheusertowgorkwithe٠xistingtranslit- erationa=schemes,ٌetc.POme٠g7aisanongoingprojectbyJohn Plaice@(plaice@ift.ulaval.ca)andYannisHaralambous (Yannis.Haralambous@univ-lille1.fr). J>Anemail discussionSQlistisavailable: ;subscribebysendingames- sage`subscribeomega'tolistserv@ ens.fr 110+The!", cmsy10NİT ZSbprȹoject#덑 TheNy=?T v2Sזproject rstsa٠wthelightofdayattheHamburgmeet- ingVCofDANTEduring1992,^asaresponsetoanaspirationtopro- ducesomethingev٠enbetterthanTU>?E1fX.Theprojectisnotsimply enhancing]UTU>?E1fX,fortwgoreasons:C rst,thatTU>?E1fXitselfhasbeen frozenCUbyKnuth(seequestion13),Owandsecond,ev٠eniftheywerGe allowedttodev٠eloptheprogram,.somemembersoftheNy=?T v2S teamfeelthatTU>?E1fXinitspresentformissimplyunsuitedtofur- therӿdev٠elopment.Whileallthoseinvolvedintheprojectare involv٠edwith,ܺandcommittedto,TU>?E1fX,the٠yrecognisethatthe endKLproductmayv٠erywellhavelittleincommonwithTU>?E1fXother thanitsphilosoph7yY. UInitiallyY,f[and8Idespitethereservationse٠xpressedattheinau- guralCmeeting,thegroupisconcentratingone٠xtendingTU>?E1fXper se:membersƱareimplementinge٠xtensionsandenhancementsto TU>?E1fXYthroughthestandardmediumofachange- le. Thesee٠xten- sions4andenhancements,6togetherwithTU>?E1fXproper,willforma systemcalled"-TU>?E1fX,whichwillbe100%compatiblewithTU>?EX; furthermore,qit(willbepossibleduringformatcreationtocon- structaformatthatisTU>?E1fX:noe٠xtensionsorenhancementswill bepresent.The nalaimoftheprojectwillbetoproduceanentirely newVtypesettingsystem,^buildingonthee٠xperienceg7ainedinthe earlierҌphases.;Thissystemisintendedtopro٠videastablebasis forstypesettinginthefuture,v-inthewgaythatTU>?E1fXhassinceitwas rsto eredtothewgorld.432!HnBo]3󍍠'jRPJerhapsThereAisn'wtanAnswerTB111Whattodoify3ou ndab“ugF٠orFastart,xmakgeentirelysureyouhavefoundabug.n}Double- check`withbooksaboutTU>?E1fX,LffA;TU>?EX,or`whatev٠eryou'reusing;comparewhatyou'reseeingag7ainsttheotheranswersabo٠ve;ask1ev٠erypossiblepersonyouknowwhohasan٠yTU>?E1fX-relatede٠xpertise.Thereasonsforallthiscautionarevarious. Ifyou'v٠efoundabuginTU>?E1fXitself,nyou'rearareanimalin-deed.WDonKnuthissosureofthequalityofhiscodethatheo ers< realmone٠yprizesto ndersofbugs;Rthechequeshewritesareg suchrareitemsthatthe٠yareseldomcashed.MIfyouthinkyouhav٠e foundagenuinefgaultinTU>?E1fXitself(orMETAF9ONT,ortheCMZڹfonts,ortheTU>?E1fXbook),don'timmediatelywritetoKnuth,howev٠ers8.;He onlylooksatbugsonceortwiceayear,1Yandeventhen9onlyafterthe٠yareagreedasbugsbyasmallvettingteam.Inthe rstinstance,$contactBarbaraBeetonattheAMS(bnb@math.ams.org),orcontactTUG.4?Y%kIfyou'v٠efoundabuginLffA;TU>E1fX2"$,Qlookinthebugsdatabase to=seeifit's8salreadybeenreported.OIfnotyoushouldsubmit detailsOofthebugtotheLffA;TU>?E1fX3team.T37odothis,byoushould processthe lelatexbug.texwithLffA;TU>?E1fX(the leispartof theHgLffA;TU>?E1fX2"*ѹdistribution.rTheHgprocesswillgiv٠eyouinstruc- tionslaboutwhattodowithyourbugreport(itcan,-fore٠xam- ple,be%Asenttotheteambyemail). \Pleasebesparingofthe team's8stime;the٠y'redoingwgorkforthegoodofthewholeLffA;TU>?E1fX communityY,4andan٠ytimetheyspendtrackingdownnon-bugsis timenotavailabletowriteordebugnewcode.ZDetailsofthe wholegprocess,landaninterfgacetothedatabase,areavailablevia http://www.tex.ac.uk/ctan/latex/bugs.html Ifyou'v٠efoundabuginLffA;TU>?E1fX2.09,(eorsomeothersuchun- supporteduWsoftwgare,there's8snotalotyoucandoaboutit.Ygou may$ ndhelpordefactosupportonanewsgroupsuchascomp. tex.tex)oronamailinglistsuchastexhax@tex.ac.uk, butrspostingnon-bugstoan٠yoftheseforumscanlayyouopen to,ridicule!eOtherwiseyouneedtogooutand ndyourselfa willingTU>?E1fX-consultant^10.竉ff΃ 荍h-:10fhTUGmaintainsareMgisterofTEXconsultants;UKTUGisdevelopingone433;dg!Elogo8Aڶ%ff ptmbi7t@0 pcrb7t?0 pcrr7t>Kj ptmri7t=MPff logobf10 logosl10:Kj ptmri7t9ڶ% ptmbi7t80 pcrb7t5Ɍ cmbsy102DF cmmib10.ߌ ptmb7t-MP logobf10,ߌ ptmb7t+3{ ptmr7t*3{ ptmr7t)ߌ ptmb7t(ڶ% ptmbi7t'MP logobf10&ߌ ptmb7t%Kj ptmri7t$0 pcrr7t#3{ ptmr7t"o> logo10!ߌ ptmb7t ߌff ptmb7t8 ptmrc7t0 pcrr7tKj ptmri7t3{ ptmr7t8 ptmrc7t!", cmsy103{ ptmr7t3{G ptmr7t3{ ptmr7t !", cmsy10 b> cmmi10K`y cmr10